Service Encounter Journal and Analysis Personal Statement

Service Encounter Journal and Analysis - Personal Statement ExampleI stopped at this convenience store to buy fuel and get a newspaper. I was heterogeneous with an employee at the check-out register. My general satisfaction is measured at 2, because the demolish was upset when I misspoke about how much specie I had, so she had to cancel the transaction on her register. Although I apologized for causing her the extra work, she did non note appeased, and made a remark to her coworker about it as I left. I am definitely not going to purchase from them again (score of 1).I visited this store to pick up a few groceries and had 2 interactions with employees one directed me to the right part of the store to find cake mix, and the cashier rang up my purchase. My overall satisfaction is rated at 7, because the employee who directed me completely stopped what he was doing to talk, made warmness contact, and appe atomic number 18d pleased to help. Also, the cashier let me use the speci al discount card they keep for customers who forgot theirs. They were professional and efficient, so I result definitely return (score of 7).My object in visiting the affirm was to purchase two savings bonds. The bank uses tellers to complete such transactions. My overall satisfaction is rated at 2, because the teller clearly did not want to point this lengthy business. I wrote down important information for her, but she copied it incorrectly into the computer, so it had to be changed. I only had time to buy one bond, and then had to leave because I was going to be of late for another appointment. Perhaps I could suck come in the middle of the morning when the bank was not so busy. The teller could have been more efficient and not shown her displeasure. Still, my accounts are there, so I rate my likelihood to return at 7. Journal Entry 5 week 5Firm Bills groom ShopType of Service Personal careMy hair was getting long, so I visited the line for a trim. Employee involvement ca me from the person who greeted me and the barber who cut my hair. My overall satisfaction is rated at 4. I authentic a good haircut at a good price, but it took a very long time. The barber should have kept working while he talked to me, but instead, liked to stop and pass eye contact for every sentence I could have asked the barber to work faster, or he could have sensed that I felt it was taking too long. My likelihood of returning is rated at 1. There are other shops in town.Journal Entry 6Week 6Firm Nationwide indemnity Co.Type of Service Auto and home insuranceIt was time to make my car insurance payment, and I dealt with a representative who accepted my check and gave me a receipt. She also set me up for electronic fund transfers. My overall satisfaction is rated at 6, because she was quick, efficient, and courteous. There was nothing she or I could have done to make the transaction better. My likelihood of returning is rated 7. They have earned my business and loyalty.Jour nal Entry 7Week 7Firm US Postal ServiceType of Service Package deliveryI had to ship a large package, and the

The role of strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The role of strategic forethought - Essay ExampleOrgniztions operte in rpidly chnging environment, nd for this reson it is vitl step to stipulte minor detils nd predict ll chnges needed for strtegy seetion.BMW is Europen utomotive leder operting on the mrket since 1922. t the beginning of the 21st century, BMW is influenced by interntionl economic integrtion, removl of brriers to business nd trde nd incresed competition (BWM station Pge. 2007). Following Hill & Jones (2004) strtegic mngement is importnt for successful orgniztionl performnce becuse it involves pre-determined course of ction which helps to provide purpose nd direction for members of n enterprise. The plnning affect is ided by working in n environment which is conducive to it. Strtegic mngement influences its orgniztionl structure, processes nd reltions. BMW orgniztionl structure cn be set s mtrix structure. Within the compny, the performnce of ll deprtments is closely relted to delegtion of uthority, barely it in cludes ll res of mngement nd requires gret del more thn hnding uthority to subordintes (Hill & Jones 2004). The dvntge is tht it is esy to control ll ctivities nd implement generl nd unified policy. The disdvntge is complicted bureucrtic structure which slows decision-mking nd chnge processes. Production nd sles re the first functions to be decentrlized nd finnce nd humn resources the lst. The degree of centrliztion is not esy to determine. Some decisions must be tken loclly nd mngement must decide wht re vitl decisions nd keep these, then delegte the rest. High degree of decentrliztion tkes plce in some production res where less(prenominal) checking is needed on decision, especilly if few people need be consulted on decision, or if the greter the number of functions ffected by decisions mde t lower levels (Hill & Jones 2004). Following Ry Zimmermn, Executive Director of BMWThe nine person Board of Directors establishes policy and afield the overall functionings of the BMW Motorcy cle Owners of America. The Board holds the Executive Director responsible for the execution of the policies and daily operation of the club. there is also a dotted line relationship between some of the staff members and the divers(prenominal) members of the Board. For example, our Treasurer and the Accountant work hand-in-hand on a number of projects related to financial reporting.This case of orgniztionl structure benefit overll well-being of business becuse it determines the nture of reltions, mkes possible the ppliction of the process of mngement nd cretes frmework of order nd commnd finished which the ctivities of the orgniztion cn be plnned, orgnized, directed nd controlled (Hitt et l 2006). For instnce, size, geogrphicl seprtion of the deprtments or extended ctivities of BMW require decentrlized structure. Thus, BMW needs centrliztion to estblish common policies, but when employees know ll trditions they cn ct more independently (BWM Home Pge 2007, See ppendix Chrt 1). In th is cse, strtegic mngement nd plnning gives the compny only moxie of direction for the ctivities. Strtegic plns give brod guidelines towrds which more detiled nd specific plns re directed. The greter the time spn, the greter the number of mistkes. Present conditions re usully dominnt in the plnners mind when the orgniztion initites pln nd these my be overstressed. lso, mny events re obviously unforeseen, but plnning cn be ided by techniques

History of the Department Store Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the Department Store - Essay ExampleAs our cities changed, the department remembering changed to wager the needs of the sweet demographics. While some suburbs flourished, knowledgeable cities fell into decline. By examining the history of the department workshop we can get a better look at the evolution of our American cities, and create a more effective plan for their future.The department terminus had its beginnings in New York when A T Stewart exposed his legendary Marble Palace in 1846. This would be followed by Lord & Taylor, Macys, Marshall Field, and Wanamaker who spared no lavishness in opulent buildings, window displays, and the quality of merchandise. By the turn of the twentieth century the department store had become the hub of American inner city commerce. Owned by giants such as R. H. Macy, Marshall Fields, and A. T. Stewart, the stores reflected the be and reputation of their owners. The department store concept catapulted the owners to fame and not oriety as a1900 account of A T Stewart refers to him as the acknowledged head of the mercantile world in this city and the sights on New York included AT Stewarts marble store downtown and Stewarts marble palace uptown (From cellar to garret, 1900). These men that pioneered the department store helped define the geography of our cities and shape the demographics of consumerism.Department stores were created when the great power to move goods to a central location coincided with the ability to move customers to that location. Department stores were unique in their ability to offer a huge array of goods beneath one roof arranged in departments. Such large retailers only became feasible when the horsecar or tramway could deliver crowds to the central city. Department stores exploited economies in purchasing and distributing to a large market, which make them cheaper than the alternative, topical anaesthetic neighborhood stores (Nye, 1990, p.113). In addition, the stores utilized th e concept of fixed pricing, which eliminated the need to haggle or bargain on a price. This would open the door for relatively inexperienced salesclerks that were often women. Of course, the success of the department store would be dependent upon attracting enough customers to make it a profitable venture. The introduction of the trolley car and railroad made this possible. The early department stores were located along these lines of transportation and created the core of commerce and the inner city. In Chicago, P. Palmer ran a dry goods and carpet store in the downtown area and had foreseen the coming of the department store, and the importance of the inner city, with the success of the Marble Palace and Macys in New York. Palmer had correctly foreseen that State Street would become the burgeoning citys new central business district because of its location near an important transportation junction, and he invested wisely in real estate there (Benes, 2006, p.72). In 1893, Marshall Field opened a store on Palmers property amid the fanfare of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. The store was an instant success as, People would visit the store and hence go home and tell their neighbors about it. The neighbors would come to marvel at the huge store-and to buy its out of date and high-quality goods (Benes, 2006, p.72). These department stores located in downtown areas would attract other

Compare And Contrast The Ideas, Background, And Philosophies Of Essay

Compare And Contrast The Ideas, Background, And Philosophies Of Confucius And Buddha - Essay ExampleOn subsequent rides, he encountered a deceased body and a sick one. It was at this point that he became aware of the suffering of humans. Even the wealthy, he realized, were unhappy and frustrated, with all men susceptible to disease and oddment from the disease. This led him to believe that there existed more in life than pleasures of a transitory nature. fair upset by all that he had seen, he left the palace, bidding his family farewell and leaving his possessions. He was penniless, as he wandered and made attempts at asceticism, which he later abandoned (Fowler 236). It was at this point that, upon complicated reflection, he became convinced that he was the enlightened one, Buddha. Confucius, on the otherwise hand, although, of noble birth, was born to a measly family. natural in the state of LU, his father passed away when he was young, leaving him under the care of a suffe ring mother. He was in minor politics service as an official during his youth, resigning the position later. aged(a) nineteen, he married Qi Quan, and he had a child by her at twenty, named Kong Li. Confucius then fagged his beside sixteen years as a teacher and his philosophy attracted quite a fewer disciples. The government of Lu granted him a high position when he was in his fifties, but courtyard enemies brought active his dismissal after four years. Leaving the state, he became an itinerary teacher for thirteen years, earlier returning to Lu for the final 5 years. In his earlier life, he was reported to be a bookkeeper, clerk, cowherd, and a shepherd (Yao 190). ... This led him to believe that there existed more in life than pleasures of a transitory nature. Becoming disturbed by all that he had seen, he left the palace, bidding his family farewell and leaving his possessions. He was penniless, as he wandered and made attempts at asceticism, which he later abandoned (F owler 236). It was at this point that, upon deep reflection, he became convinced that he was the enlightened one, Buddha. Confucius, on the other hand, although, of noble birth, was born to a poor family (Yao 190). Born in the state of LU, his father passed away when he was young, leaving him under the care of a poor mother. He was in minor government service as an official during his youth, resigning the position later. Aged nineteen, he married Qi Quan, and he had a child by her at twenty, named Kong Li. Confucius then spent his next sixteen years as a teacher and his philosophy attracted quite a few disciples. The government of Lu granted him a high position when he was in his fifties, but court enemies brought about his dismissal after four years. Leaving the state, he became an itinerary teacher for thirteen years, before returning to Lu for the final 5 years. In his earlier life, he was reported to been a bookkeeper, clerk, cowherd, and a shepherd (Yao 190). After his court di smissal, he embarked on a winding journey that covered Cai, Chen, Song, Wei, and other states in central and northeast China where he articulated political beliefs in their courts, which he did not see implemented. Both Buddha and Confucius challenged authority. Buddha had quite a different view to religion as compared to his native Hinduism (Fowler 240). He felt that Hinduism had begun to degenerate into superstition, magic, rituals, polytheism, and empty philosophical disputes and

Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas Contracting Essay

Dispute Resolution in Oil and Gas Contracting - Essay eccentricThe tribunal authority comes from the parties agreement on overcoming their argument through mediation. Various statute and international conventions honour this uprise making it to be a preferred method in determining cross-border viable disputes. This approach has many benefits associated to civil litigation because it is enforceable, m entirelyeable, unbiased, reserved, and personal and the involved parties select their preferred arbitrator. UK is the most conspicuous Centre, which applies arbitrament in dispute resolution. Most of the UK parties involved in disputes agree on their disputes decided in agreement with the enacted law by the arbitrement flirt 1996 6(p.159). This Act has been operational in UK since 31 January 1997. In discrepancy resolution amid the oil and gas contracting, an arbitrator has permission to reign a substantive jurisdiction. According to the Arbitration Act 1996, all the parties invo lved in oil and gas dispute have a opportunity to file all their cases in order to avoid unnecessary delays and find resolution to their problems. The arbitrator has total tools, jurisdiction and powers to accomplish his/her responsibilities efficiently. Purpose of arbitrators dominion is beneath either the Arbitration Act or the arbitration guidelines. According to the arbitration act 1996, the arbitration reports should succumb in a cogitate writing article on the contract among the parties. The agreement offered before the arbitration is in writing in order for it to be confirmation before both parties and the arbitration. On confirmation that the contract is an applicable statute, all the jurisdiction authorities are of consideration to the arbitrator13 (p.682). The Arbitration Act underwent some changes thus providing the arbitrator with powers to rule according to his/her individual authority. This boosted the arbitrators supremacy because previously, parties challenged the arbitrators jurisdiction through send the case to the court, which restrained the arbitrator from proceeding with the belief. This led to different unwanted expenses and delays in the proceedings until another(prenominal) rightful authority is in place to continue with the hearing. To resolve this, the experienced arbitrators welcomed the statutory approach, which significantly promoted the musical mode of conducting arbitration progression11 (p.33). According to the Act, the arbitrator may decide on substantive jurisdiction whether there is a lawful agreement or not, whether the hearing is appropriately established or not and whether the type of troubles acquiesced to arbitration is in agreement with the arbitration contract or not 11(p.33). Considering the above three, the situation where there leave out lawful mediation contract, the Act states that such matters lack both the arbitrator and the arbitration so, whoever decided on the validity of the agreement was not the requ ired arbitrator therefore, that person who decided had no permission to micturate verdicts. Upcoming of such situations leads to the problem at hand be solved by the court and the ruling of the case derived from the statute and not arbitration agreement. Under section 30 (1) (a) of the Arbitration Act 1996, justices power to claim whether he/she has powers comes from the

Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Facebook - Essay Example all in all these will be discussed in detail below.After expanding from Harvard, it moved to the former(a) Ivy League universities earlier receiving an investment from PayPal to expand its base in California. They gain ground received investments from partners and individual entrepreneurs to expand and spread further than the US. Its growth attracted companies to start advertising in it, promoting themselves and ultimately attracting customers and this became the main source of revenue for facebook. Their registrations also change magnitude and include people from 13 years of age. It currently has over a billion registered users and over 700 one thousand thousand active users (Kirkpatrick, 2011).It grew faster because social media was a fairly new thing and provided better and faster slipway to communicate and share that other modes of communication. The fact that it fitted people of all age groups as well as reunited long lost friends was another reason for its expanded growth. Its growth was also facilitated by the fact that businesses got to press their products and services which meant that people could conduct businesses online and not even require directories to trace business premises. The continued digitalisation of the world as when as the world becoming a global village increased the blowup arena for facebook into other countries other than the US alone.All is not roses for facebook however. It has received its fair share of risk of infection factors the first one being censorship in several countries temporarily and some permanently. The worst of these touched areas include China and Egypt. This result in not only loss of its users but loss of revenues generated from the advertisements. The other risk factor is competition from other social media sites. The greatest competition comes from Google + which has been growing at a very fast rate and is currently at 500 million active users. There is

Forest Management and unlawfull logging in Cameroon (centre Africa ) Thesis

Forest Management and unlawfull log in Cameroon (centre Africa ) - thesis ExampleThe Congo Basin in Africa has the second largest rain timberland in the world subsequently the Amazon rain forest. It had almost one hundred and ninety million hectares in 1995 (Hutter, 2000) and was spread crossways countries like Equatorial Guinea, The Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Gabon and also Cameroon. Cameroon is located to the trade union of the equator and is bordered by countries like Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Nigeria. While in the north, Cameroon is cover by savannas, in the south it is has a dense tropical forest (Cameroon Forests, n.d.). The countrified is inhabited by more than two hundred ethnic groups and has a diverse wildlife with over quartette hundred species of mammals and sevener hundred species of birds. There are also numerous plant species in these forests many o f which are endangered. nearly seventy quint share of Cameroon consists of dense forests or woodlands. The bucolic also has an affluent literary heritage. The biodiversity of Cameroon peculiarly in flora and fauna is worth a mention. Of the total forested area seventy percent has a dense forest cover with a thick canopy of leaves that covers the sky. It consists of fifty percent of the countrys area. The entire forested region of the country is not suitable for record. Out of the twenty four million hectare spread of dense forest in the country seventeen million is suitable for logging activity (Cameroon, n.d.). Logging is an important economic activity for the people of Cameroon and accounted for nine percent of the tax tax revenue of the country. Data suggests that logging generated $60 million for the Cameroon government in 1997-98 as tax revenue. Commercial logging had been an active source of livelihood for a large number of people for over a century. only if in recent times the environment of the Cameroon is being threatened by rampant felling of trees for the timbre. In the recent few decades a large amount of the forest has given way to open lands for agricultural tracts, farms and piece settlements. Though cutting of trees for agricultural lands is the primary reason of deforestation, logging activities is also responsible for the threat that the forest faces. Some facts about deforestation have been revealed in a taradiddle of the Global Forest Watch. The report mentions that the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization estimated that out of the 21.6 million hectares of historic forest cover of Cameroon in 1980 only 19.6 million remained in 1995. From 1980 to 1998 the population of Cameroon increased by more than sixty six percent (from 8.6 million to 14.3 million). This caused an increase in collect for land and resources. The excess demand of land for agriculture and gentlemans gentleman inhabitation was satisfied at the exp ense of the forest cover. According to the legislation of Cameroon, the topical anesthetics have a duty over the products of the forests though the government owns the right to the trees and everything below the soil like oil. As of now, Cameroon ranks among the top volt exporter of timbre in the world. But the population is increasing steadily and the modest reserve of oil that the country had been blessed with is depleting at a fast rate. This depletion of oil, the environmentalists fear, will put more pressure on the demand for forest resources to supplement the loss of income when all the oil has been exhausted. Logging is very crucial activity for the regional as well as the national income of the country. The government of the country has realized this. So they have given a high priority to the conservation of forest and the issue figures in almost all the agendas of the local and national politics. Towards the end of the past millennium the president of the country Paul Bi ya organized a jacket for the head of the states to discuss the issue of proper management of the forest and its resources. It resulted in the Yaounde Declaration where five

Pre Maritial Genetic Screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pre Maritial Genetic Screening - Essay ExampleGenetic diseases provide occur when there is an alteration in the deoxyribonucleic acid and it is well cognize that substances present in smoke, baccy or radiation from the sun can easily alter the materials in the cells. Inherited diseases are usu all(prenominal)y caused by mutated genes which are inherited by an individual from either of the parents and in the thousands of genes we possess in our cells, the amiss(p) gene might just be one of the thousands (Commmittee on Publication Ethics 218).Since the genetic diseases divert greatly there are several different methods that can be applied based on the type of the disease? There are four types of genetic disorders found to exist these are atomic number 53 gene, multifactorial, chromosomal and mitochondrial. A gene can be mapped as one of the methods to deal with the conditions. The genes slur within the chromosomes can be resolved by mapping either physically or genetically ( Schork N. 103) With the position established, then it becomes possible to tell of any possible links between the genes. Gene hearing is some other simple way to determine whether the person contains the genes that cause genetic disorders. A chemical method known as gene splicing can be used which involves the cutting out part of the DNA in the gene and replacing it with a new piece. Alternatively genes can also be still by geneticists to prevent harmful effects of the gene (Ishak 273-286).Premarital genetic exhibit first of all is very important for couples as it will help them determine their compatibility. This testing will allow the couples to determine the presence of any genetic disease, strategize on the management measures and seek treatment for the same (Zi 637-638). By undergoing this test the designate couple will be well informed about their predisposition to certain diseases and the betting odds of their passing on those diseases to their unborn children. If the coupl e is expecting a baby, then proper utilization of genetic screening will allow

Chemistry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chemistry - look into Paper Examplethe historical background of hydrogen, its chemical formula and elements, as well as its workout in compounds that make up the fabric of our very existence.enthalpy was first produced artificially by a scientist named T. Von Hohenheim in the 16th century. In combining metals and strong acids he created a flammable gas however he didnt realize that what he had created was hydrogen. It wasnt until 1671 that Robert Boyle combined iron fillings and dilute acids that the element was rediscovered. In 1766 Henry Cavendish became the first to understand that the gas produced by these combinations itself constituted a wholly unique substance. Finally, in 1783 Antoine Lavosier gave the element the moniker of hydrogen upon discovering that piddle was produced when the then unnamed substance was burned. (Rigden 2003) The name is derived from hudur, which means water and and gennan, meaning generate, thus giving it water generator. It was named this because of Cavendishs experiment where he combined oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen has the nuclear number 1 and the symbol H. Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas (at room temperature) and highly explosive.Hydrogen is the least dense gas known to man. Its melting point is 14o K and the boiling point is 20.28o K. The nuclear mass of hydrogen is 1.00794 amu. Because it has only one electron it will react very quickly and, in many cases, violently. To view this, combine hydrogen with fluorine. Hydrogen has three isotopes. The first is H-1, Protium, which is stable. Protium makes up 98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. The second is H-2, Deuterium, which is also stable. Deuterium makes up 1.99% of naturally occurring hydrogen. The third is H-3, Tritium, which is radioactive. Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. Tritium makes up about 0.001% of naturally occurring hydrogen.Hydrogen has numerous uses, the most common of those are balloons, metal refining, and production of electricity . rough of those uses are dangerous.

Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime - Research Paper ExampleIt is vital to swan the devices used to commit the crime as testify when reporting electronic crimes.How can one cling to him or herself or their family against e-crime? By educating themselves on basic online safety through recommended websites (Ghosh & Turinni 291). Individuals can also drill their families about online safety. Individuals can also set up basic protection against malware such(prenominal) spyware and anti-viruses.Are e-crimes penal by jail time? If found guilty of a cyber-crime by the court, one is probable to calculate punished through jail time. Sentences for cyber-crimes are getting tougher by the day and cyber-crime attorneys are increasingly conclusion it challenging to defend their parties. Most cyber-crimes sentences get served in months, however depending on the degree of the crime, the accused whitethorn receive years in jail time.What methods get used to detect e-crime? There is no single, guide cut method of detecting cyber-crimes. E-crimes get detected by chance. There are informal methods such as regular audit of the systems, looking for mistakes, and the use of government agencies such as the police or IRS to detect the crime.What is information processing system forensics? Computer forensics refers to a form of forensic science that involves legal analysis of evidence located in electronic devices or computers (Ghosh & Turinni 232). Computer forensics helps to discover the actual cause of a computer system malfunction. It may also get used by professionals to determine situations where individuals may have unlawfully used a computer or network with the intention of hacking or harming a computer

Nurses as Entrepreneurs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nurses as Entrepreneurs - Research Paper ExampleLargely, the practices enable the nurses to intervene for patients as c atomic number 18givers. heterogeneous faculties in nurse prepare nurses for the entrepreneurship projects for example community health, mental health among others. Ideally, the opportunity that the nurses have does non only help them to utilize their potential but also promote assistance to the community. Benefits of Nurse as Entrepreneur The nursing personal line of credit does non necessarily need to take place in an accountability or room. Nurses are able to make mobile community visits where there are able to conduce their run. Studies show that nurse entrepreneurs conduct their activities using electronic terminal (Fero, et.al. 2010). In addition, a nurse whitethorn have a small office where patients can report to or place their request for proceedss. Instituting a nursing business enables a nurse to increase her or his visibility, direct their creativ ity in providing services to the society. Ideally, challenges in the business would expose the nurse thereby influencing his or her approach in the profession. The adventures is rewarding because it does not constraint the nurse to achieve a given job target. However, it makes the nurse to work at her own convenience. The nurses who operate their activities as entrepreneurs show credible work because they have to demonstrate high standard of service delivery. Failure to supply the same would lead to low profits. The entrepreneurial skills required in the business are similar to the ones in other business activities (Fero, et.al. 2010). For examples, nurse entrepreneurs must demonstrate the following attributes in coif to be masteryful excellent interpersonal skills, collaboration skills, critical thinking, and credibility. Nurse as an entrepreneur has numerous rewards ranging from financial benefits to passe-partout benefits. Many nurses who opt to practices as entrepreneurs de monstrate satisfaction to the services and the duties they conduct. Barriers Entry into the nursing business may poses challenges to nurses. Some of the barriers identified in nursing entrepreneurship include lack of skills to operate successful as an entrepreneur nurse. Knowledge is critical in defining the model of the business. While nurses attend professional training, business skill is not the central subject they do learn. Thus, the success of the business would depend on the business skills that the nurse has acquired from other forms of training. Critical evaluation and administration of the business skills is vital to the future of the success of any given business. Some nurses are unable to acquire the privileges they receive while practicing in hospitals. Since the business depends with the work input of the nurse, it means that failure to input enough effort would lead to business failure. Studies shows that requirements much(prenominal) as malpractice insurance cover, statutory requirements and instigate up cost may hinder the efforts of nurses that wish to start their own business (Fitzpatrick & Ea, 2011). Largely, any business model has requirements, which influence the entry behavior. The government requirement or a restriction is another factor that influences nurse entrepreneur. While financial capability of the individual instinctive to institute the business would be instrumental in its growth, the outcome or the service trend of the business will also influence the number of client that the business is likely to receive (Fitzpatrick & Ea, 2011). For instance, the government evaluates and continue license for

Domestic Crime Rate and the Right to Bear Arms Research Paper

municipalated Crime Rate and the Right to Bear Arms - Research Paper ExampleFurthermore, in Unites States v Cruikshank and Presser v Illinois, the court held that the Second Amendment restricted only the federal government. Several of the state laws relating to the ownership of guns consecrate been upheld on the basis of these decisions (Vernick , Rutkow , Webster , & Teret , 2011, p. 2022). Main Body The Gun assure Act of 1968, provides that no convicted felon should hold firearms. This has been amended by the Lautenberg Amendment, which extends the preclusion of firearms possession to individuals convicted of misdemeanor crimes of internal violence. This amendment was aimed at preventing the convicted perpetrators of domestic violence from carrying firearms (Guns and domestic violence, 2008, p. B4). In addition, armed domestic abusers pose a very great risk. In f sham, around 67% of the females who are killed by firearms imbibe been shot by their sexual partner. The weapon of choice in intimate partner homicide is the firearm. There is a five fold increase of risk of homicide for females, when firearms are present in the home. These are thence disquieting figures, and such data induced Congress to amend the Gun Control Act on several occasions. For instance, in 1994, an amendment was made to this Act, which precluded any individual subject to a domestic violence protective order, from possessing a firearm. This was followed, in the year 1996, by the Lautenberg Amendment, which prohibited any individual convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence from possessing a firearm (Wilkinson & Meisner, 2011). However, in the absence of the necessary train of regulation and supervision over entities that could make substantial profits by evading the laws, an effective gun have got mechanism cannot be implemented. To its discredit, Congress... The Second Amendment Rights to bear firearms is not an exclusive right granted by the constitution. It does have limitations to provide a restraint on bearing firearms under(a) certain circumstances. The federal law and the laws of many a(prenominal) states do not permit an individual who has been convicted of a misdemeanor of domestic violence or who is under a restraining order to possess a firearm. However, there are several shortcomings, when it comes to implementing these laws. There is considerable mountain range for improving the situation, and there should be proactive initiatives to confiscate weapons from the prohibited intimate partner violence offenders. either the same, laws that preclude the possession of firearms by such individuals, actually bring down instances of domestic homicide. Reckless act of violence could be significantly reduced by having tougher gun control law in place. It would indeed be very helpful, if a license had to be obtained by every purchaser of a handgun. In addition, the license should be provided only after the purchaser had completed a course on the amenable use of firearms.

Youth during the Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth during the Great Depression - turn out Exampleal. 670-671). There is little doubt that experiences of the rail riding youths of the Depression were impacted and influenced but those experiences in a number of different ways some positive and some negative.On October 29, 1929 the Stock commercialize crashed. This day is often called Black Tuesday. This crash did not just affect the United States, but ternary countries and economics all over the world. Herbert Hoover held the office of United States President when the Depression began and despite his fealty to optimism, conditions were only getting worse. Many Americans blamed Hoover for the Depression as a whole. Of course, this historical pillow slip cannot be blamed on any one person, but a number of economic variables, monetary aspects, and other contributions. Because unemploymentwas so extreme in so many parts of the country that many raft became almost entirely migrant walking, hitchhiking, or riding train cars. As can be seen above, citizenry were essential living like refugees all over the nation. Whenever news of jobs was heard, sometimes, hundreds of people would arrive to apply. The Human work moving from one place to another was immense. Approximately 250, 000 teenagers, mostly male, hit the road and rode the railsThe 2009 take aim Riding the Rails interviews, discusses, and delves into the experiences of the teens during the Depression through the stories of the men and women who lived it. These stories have the ability to make you think at the time, the culture, and hardships experienced by the generations before us and how very different the cultural mentality is today. Again in that respect were many reasons that the youths of the Depression left home and found themselves riding the rails. Clarence Lees father approached him and explained that this there simply was not enough to feed him anymore he left home the next day. Peggy DeHart and her travel companion, Rene Champion, hi tchhiked across the country and occasionally road

Media and communication theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Media and communication theories - Essay exerciseThe rate of online literacy is increasing day by day. People find different ways of communication. We send SMS messages, we pass along the messages on answering machine if the person is not available on phone, we lend oneself search engines for surfing, we use scanners, and we create the websites, we communicate via mails to any person. The person from one corner of the world can easily blurt with another person sitting at the other corner of the world just through the metier of the computer and internet. The person can share his opinions before the huge mass through blogs, website, pictures, and emails. The new media has work almost all the fields. It is the traditional media who sew the seeds of democracy among the people and it is the new media who taught the audience how to become democratic in real sense. Thus the audiences have become active and participative. Here in this paper the master(prenominal) focus is on the role of audience in media production as well as media aspirationCommunicating the huge mass or creating good rapport with the people has been the major need since antiquated time. In ancient time the kings use to propagate themselves through the contemporary traditional media such as sculptures or by building monuments. In ancient India for example the Emperor Ashokas rock edicts and editorial inscriptions are the examples of the rulers attempt to communicate with the large number of people. The Roman rulers used surround posting including the imperial dicta to inform the public. They were types of news bulletins and were known as Acta Diurna (Daily Acts). Some historians considered them as the first newspapers. On the onset of industrialization the invention of the printing press changed the entire scenario and the newspapers started publishing and thus they became the major parentage of information for the people. Theatre and other performing arts also played the role of

Globalisation and the tourism industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Globalisation and the tourism industry - Essay ExampleMost of these new nations built systems and structures that included the enhancement of tourist and historic sites.The period of the East-West Cold War direct to various forms of education which included the creation of standards that were built in alignment with the dominant powers of the conflict. Within that time, structures in transportation better and different activities went on.After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1988 and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world came under one unipolar system led by the victorious Capitalist West. This led to the forward motion of the Third Wave of Democracy which came with the democratisation of former Communist and developing nations, harmonisation of standards and the promotion of transportation across borders (Houghton, 2010).In this research we would attempt to examine the actual elements of globalisation and how it relates to tourism in the world today. The pr oject would answer questions relating to the way tourism has improved globalisation. The project would also try to rate the impacts of globalisation on the tourism industry. Has globalisation been positive or negative to tourism? And what is the impact of ICT on tourism? What can be done to improve tourism in this era of globalisation? frugal domination of global organisations-Research and detect multinational global companies (including hotel chain, food chain, and tour operator) and discuss economic domination, standardisation, and its impacts on tourism.4. To identify and evaluate tourism sectors affected by globalisation and provide the most suitable recommendations with reasons, to tourism industry on a global or country level in order to summation profit and being responsible

Rise and fall of American labor unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Rise and fall of American labor unions - Essay ExampleThis kind of labor movement is non-routine work that is non done regularly. A shed has duration. Example, the project of basketball winding has duration of twain months. Project needs Resources. Project needs, men, materials, eon and money to address the basketball court. Resources are scarce. So, if the cheek wants to finish the project, they have to make a budget estimate within which to finish the work. 1.2. Planning and organization. The place of readiness is to determine the best possible way of achieving specified objective within the specified period of time and costs. It is a technique that aims at maximum utilization of resources. Every person, organization or a political relation entity has plans. For example, Martha has plans to build a house, the neighborhood plans to build a club house, and the government plans to build a connecting highway. In all of these plans, the elements of project management are impo rtant. These are planning, scheduling, implementation, control and monitoring. These are easily done with wasted projects, but gets difficult and complex when it comes to big projects like government projects. A basketball court construction is simpler in details than a government road project. 1.4 Project appraisal and financing Financing is the square link between the project and implementation because no matter how good or feasible the project in terms of technical and economics, it cannot work without money. The problem concerns of the project is not only measuring the financial needs but to be assured of financing, where and when needed. This usually entails a loan proposal, and identifying sources of financing. The proponent or organization could resort to borrowings from banks or institutions for private entity or if it is a government project, funds may come from frequent appropriations, grants or loan from government banks or rely on foreign loans. In our example, funds for the purpose may come from donations. 1.5 Project life cycle A project has a life cycle. It starts with the existence dress. It is the time when the idea started. Next is the design stage this is where designs of the project area are presented usually a committee appraises the appropriateness of the design. Then we have implementation this is the time of actual work and the commissioning stage that marks end of project. Going back to project, idea came from the Youth Association, and the design could come from another convocation who will design, next is a group that finances and implements the project. Last stage is the ending of the project or turn over. 1.6 Organizational workflow, staffing processes and project planning elements Workflow is defined as a sequence of stairs that consists of work process involving dickens or more persons that adds value to the organizations activities.2 Workflow has two processes, the sequential and parallel work flow. The former is depen dent on the occurrence of the previous steps, while the latter(prenominal) allows two or more steps concurrently. Staffing process. A project requires manpower, and for this purpose, there is a need to wee manpower inventory. First step to staffing is to plan for a manpower inventory in order to partner off manpower requirements and demand3. Afterwards, other processes follow like recruitment, selection, orientation and placement and remuneration. A short project does not necessarily involve promotion and

Adolf Hitler- Long Live Germany Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitler- prospicient Live Germany EssayThe ruler, commander, leader, God like image to all of German in between his uprising years, 1928-1935, had great power over all living being in Germany at the time. German flags would be raised wher incessantly you may travel in German Nazis over-ruled the people in many streets Here is a poster of Adolf Hitler, during 1935, showing us how mighty and powerful he is. present us how he can change German individuals lives into a better life, and how he and his party, can catch a change into German. Es lebe Deutfchland A phrase that has been used in front of the poster, meaning keen-sighted live Germany We all know that Hitlers rise to power between 1928-1933 made him a crocked and well-known man. Everyone in Germany would look up to Hitler, and here shows how Hitler would die for his country, how he would do what so ever to protect his country. He is telling us in this poster that he himself would fight for Germany, he would be a ble to lead his country, and the people in it, and keep them from harm.Having an eagle hover against the light of heaven over Hitler in this poster connects back to Christ when a dove descended upon Him when He was being baptised by John the Baptist. This would give us a clue that Yes Hitler was an idealized God to the Germans, knowing that he has through with(p) a lot for them. Overcoming the great depression, helping the citizens of Germany get employed and many other offers. People would congratulations in Adolf Hitlers name. They would die for Hitler.As you can see at the back of Hitler are his followers, much(prenominal) likely to be the Nazis and German people holding the German flag and hailing Hitler. Thousands, lets say billions had gathered to support Hitler, and trying to persuade us that Hitler is a trustworthy man, and how he can help German citizens overcome anything when they are in deep crisis. We all know that in Hitlers time, everyone idolized him, but for what reason? Hitler was a powerful and spellbinding speaker who attracted a wide-cut following of Germans who were desperate for change in Germany.This poster tells us more of how Hitler won over, changed Germany and became successful in many things. To conclude this Visual essay, Hitler was successful in his days, knowing by the looks of this poster. He did devote everybody fooled by his beauty and the way he structures himself, to make people think he is on their side, but in reality hes just another beast getting revenge for his mother country, Germany. Heil Hitler they say, and have German flags flowing for him Heil Hitler

Language Research Essay Example for Free

Language interrogation EssayIt is true that Northrop Fryes melodic themes about the focus we speak and the function and levels of our language gives us something to gestate about and brings up the question of why different languages present such huge problems when there is a language barrier between those who are trying to communicate. Northrop demonstrates his own ideas about how to communicate better as he talks about language on a societal, individual and worldwide level. For those who have still spoken one language their entire life, to be presented with a new(a) language can be thoroughly frustrating and confusing. One language can be so different from the some other and trying to speak a new language can take a huge amount of sentence in studying the pronunciation of new words and trying to relay them to others with the same rhythm that they speak. A good example of the frustration and confusion of a language barrier, I witnessed in a obtain mall. The foreigner wa s trying so hard to get their message across to the sales clerk and simply ended up leaving the store with disappointment.I noticed that the foreigner spoke slowly and seek to pronounce their words slowly and intelligibly as the sales associate just spoke in their usual manner and not putting any effort into speaking more slowly and clearly or even trying to use other, more simpler words which would have helped the foreigner, tremendously. Instead of opting to try other methods of communicating, the clerk only allow the customer leave without hesitation. It seemed that the associate would rather lose money for the company, let the customer leave with frustration and avoid the entire incident, completely, rather than finding a better way to communicate.Another example of a racial language barrier, I witnessed at a gas station. This measure the foreigner spoke loudly and quickly and the group in our immediate area only looked away or stared at the individual as if they were sayi ng nothing at all. The foreigner this time, forgot to find a better way to communicate. I wondered if there was an emergency or a problem with this person that compulsory immediate attention from the people around, since they seemed desperate and frightened. There was not a single person in the area that spoke the same language as the person rambled on about something that we had no idea what they were speaking about.To me, this language barrier was extremely frustrating, as well and I felt bad that I couldnt understand the message they were trying so hard to convey. They left the scene, without any help, just as the individual in the shopping mall who wasnt able to communicate clearly enough and who didnt have the proper listener who was willing to use a different method for communicating. In differentiate to break the language barrier, it is so important that we learn to adapt to other cultures and become more tolerant and educated for different languages to be used and underst ood.Newcomers to a region are not always outfit with the proper language skills that they need to function properly in society and it is important for them to study the new language and practice for success in speaking the new language. They must learn to achieve goals by listening to people talk and adapting to the new speech. It will take patience and tolerance in encyclopaedism the new language and with this in mind, they will become good speakers and will also be equal to(p) of learning to speak the language which will end the constant frustration and confusion.

Understanding Economic Policy Reform Essay Example for Free

Understanding Economic Policy remediate adjudicateWhat is the point of loudly proclaiming reforms if these are not aimed at improving the well-being of a large majority of the population? And if that is their goal, why should reforms be unpopular? In more areas of policy, there may ex1 Quoted by Jose female horse Maravall in Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Adam Przeworski (1993). T ist technical uncertainty as to what the appropriate solution is to the problems at hand. approximate of President Clintons health care plan, for example, or of global warming. Consequently, reforms will arouse opposition if they are viewed as applying the wrong fix or if they are perceived as being primarily redistributive (that is, zero-sum). What is unprecedented about current fashions in economic development policy (as applied to both developing and transitional economies), however, is the extent of convergence that has developed on the broad outlines of what constitutes an appr opriate economic strategy. This strategy emphasizes fiscal rectitude, competitive exchange rates, free trade, privatization, undistorted trade prices, and limited intervention (save for encouraging exports, education, and infrastructure).Faith in the zing and efficacy of these policies unites the vast majority of professional econo overclouds in the developed world who are concerned with issues of development. 2 2 The convergence is not complete of course. But compared to cardinal decades ago, the various sides allow moved well closer to each other. One indicator of this is the recent news by Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Przeworski (1993), which advocates a social parliamentary approach. The views expressed in this book concede an inor- 9 10 Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.XXXIV (March 1996) we survey such instances of collective irrationality. The events of the last decade have belowscored the need to understand the political-economy of policy making. One of the eve ntual(prenominal) consequences of the global debt crisis that erupted in 1982 was a wave of market-oriented economic reforms, the likes of which have never been seen. The reforms were strongest and most sustained in Latin America, where countries like Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil joined chili con carne in orthodoxy.But this was precise much a global phenomenon. Stabilization and structural adjustment became the primary preoccupation of government leaders in Asia and Africa as well, even though the commitment to economic orthodoxy varied across countries and over time. These countries were in turn short joined by the previously socialist economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Economists who had cut their odontiasis in Latin Americas economic quagmires became the advisors and analysts of these transitional economies.Even India, the giant archetype of a closed, import-substituting economy among developing countries, embarked on a process of economic liberalization in 1991 (see Jagdish Bhagwati 1993 and Arvind Panagariya 1994). These reforms were encouraging to economists and a vindication of sorts to those among them who had long advocated market-oriented reforms. But they in turn raise their own beat outs. Most fundamental of all, why are so many governments reforming now, after decades of adherence to policies of an opposite kind?This top dog poses a peculiarly important challenge to political economists an understanding of these countries experiences now requires a theory that explains not exactly why seemingly dysfunctional policies had been initially un- Hence economists are often torn between two contrast perspectives on the one hand, good economic policy should produce favorable outcomes and therefore should prove withal to be good politics on the other hand, the implementation of good economic policy is often viewed as requiring strong and autonomous (not to say authoritarian) leadership.The experienc e of Chile, a country which has perhaps gone elevate than any other in implementing liberal economic policies, provides a good example. An essay on Chiles reform strategy by Jose Pinera (1994), an economist and minister of labor and social security under General Pinochet, concludes in the end, good policy is good politics (p. 231). The irony is that most of the reforms the author glowingly discusses in the preceding pages required the suspension of normal politics and as heavy a dose of totalism as seen anywhere. Good economics does often turn out to be good politics, but only eventually.Policies that work do become popular, but the time lag can be long profuse for the relationship not to be exploitable by would-be reformers. In Chiles case, free market policies (implemented after 1973) were eventually resoundingly endorsed in the presidential elections of 1989 and have become the envy of Latin America. 3 Conversely, bad economics can be popular, if only temporarily. President Al an Garcias popularity soared in Peru during his first two years in office (198586), thanks to expansionary fiscal policies whose medium-term unsustainability should have been obvious to anyone with common sense (see Ricardo Lago 1991).The puzzle is why dinate amount to the consensus view, and depart from it in remarkably few details. I will discuss this book in Section IV. 3 For a recent evaluation, see Barry Bosworth, Rudiger Dornbusch, and Ral Labn (1994). Rodrik Understanding Economic Policy Reform dertaken and then maintained for so long, but also why these policies were suddenly abandoned en masse shot during the 1980s, often by the same politicians who had been among their most ardent supporters.Second, while the reforms were inspired at least in part by the East Asian experience, they took place much more quickly and, in many areas, are going considerably beyond those undertaken in East Asia. This raises the question of whether the new wave of reformers have internalized the correct lessons from the East Asian experience. Finally, are there any helpful rules for reformers to follow in maneuver their policies through complicated political terrain? Can one hope to develop a how-to manual for the progressive politician?Puzzlement over such questions has take to a large and growing writings. A very short bibliography would include books by Merilee Grindle and John Thomas (1991), Robert Bates and Krueger (1993), Krueger (1993), Przeworski (1991), Ranis and Syed Mahmood (1992), Bresser Pereira, Maravall, and Przeworski (1993), Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman (1992), Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards (1993), Haggard and Steven Webb (1994), Lance Taylor (1994), Williamson (1994), and Ian teensy et al. (1993), not to mention countless papers. As this partial list indicates, both economists and political scientists have consecrate their attention to these issues, often together in coauthored or coedited works. Indeed, no other area of economics or politica l science that I can think of has spawned so much interdisciplinary work. 5 In this essay, I will provide an econo4 One recent surveyMariano Tommasi and Andres Velasco 1995which overlaps with this one deserves special mention. 5 The literature on the economics of policy reform is of course even larger. For recent surveys, see Vittorio Corbo and Stanley Fischer (1995) and Rodrik (1995b). 1 mists perspective on the political economy of policy reform. I begin by examining the origins and uninflected content of the new orthodoxy in development policy (Section II). I will focus here on two issues in particular which I feel remain in need of clarification. One of these concerns the line between (a) macroeconomic policies aimed at economic stability, such as fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies, and (b) liberalization policies aimed at structural reform and growth, such as the removal of relative-price distortions and the reduction of state intervention.It has become commonplace to melt these two groups of policies, but for analytical purposes they are best kept apart. As we shall see, they also have disparate political-economy underpinnings. Moreover, maintaining the distinction reminds us that the consensus on what constitutes appropriate structural reform is based on much shakier conjectural and empirical grounds than is the consensus on the need for macroeconomic stability. The second issue concerns the appropriate lessons to be skeletal from the experience of East Asian success stories.The new orthodoxy has tended to draw a somewhat biased consider that needs correction. Next, I will turn to the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. This experience has opened an important window on the motivations of politicians, as well as on the nature of interactions between the economy and the polity. As indicated above, an important question is why so many countries have suddenly caught the reform bug. The confluence of economic crisis with reform has led to the na tural supposition that crisis is the instigator of reform, a hypothesis that keeps reappearing in the literature and yet is inadequately analyzed.

Physical products Essay Example for Free

Physical products EssayThe dot-com era is directly fast receding into the early(prenominal). But, throughout the world, managers are still grappling with turning the e- task concept into a business reality. Companies in some sectors present demonstrated success. In atomic number 63, the low cost airlines such as easyJet and Ryanair have succeeded in migrating the majority of their customers to online booking in the space of a few years, darn acquiring many a(prenominal) new customers. Other companies have used the internet to gain competitive advantage.For example, the super marketplace Tesco has launched a market-leading e-commerce inspection and repair for customers and too uses the internet extensively for purchasing (Tesco Information Exchange). Although many start-up companies which adopted innovative business models, have direct failed, some are now achieving profitability. For example, now operating profitability across many countries in Europe include lastminute ( main focus travel www. lastminute. com), Kelkoo (consumer retail www. kelkoo. com) and Wanadoo ( meshwork Service Provider www. wanadoo. com).In some traditional industries, the push of the internet has been immense. Banking, for example, shows that in a seven and half year period (May 1995 December 2002), the number of households utilize online banking worldwide increased to 100 million as around 6,000 different financial institutions offered web ground banking. (Source Online Banking Report, Number 89, 10 December 2002). Meanwhile, many business-business companies and governments have found encouraging their customers to use their online services to be much more challenging.In this post-dot-com era, managers are looking to learn from the experiences of the early adopters, identifying success factors and incorporating best practices while trying to avoid the costly mistakes made by others. Most introductions to e-business open with a history of the exploitation of the Internet , and the predictions of the crop of e-commerce and e-business. E-Commerce is implemented using three technologies electronic Data interchange (EDI), Internet Commerce and Electronic Markets.We limit our approach to covering commercial activities conducted on the Internet. E-commerce offers opportunities to dramatically improve the way that businesses interact with both(prenominal) their customers and their suppliers, that is, to make business negotiations faster, cheaper, more personalized, and more agile. The number of web users who shop or buy products online is ceaselessly increasing. However, searching and buying products via on-line can be frustrating due to the lack of help or decision support given to the user.Nowadays e-commerce applications are being improved from a first contemporaries stage where buyers are humans who browse through a catalogue of commodities (e. g. books, computer components, films) and make purchases, a good get laid by means of a credit card tra nsaction, to a second generation with a greater degree of automation on both the buyers and the sellers side. The aim of this work was to develop a technology for facilitating Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B) processes.Although the growth in Internet retailing has not turned out to be as strong as predicted in the late 1990s, it is clear that some e-tailers offer distinctive value propositions to certain customers. At the substance of any business strategy is the ability to develop a sustainable competitive advantage. Current market leaders, such as Amazon, enhance the shopping experience by providing reviews and making suggestions based on past purchases. However products such as apparel can be difficult for customers to purchase over the Internet because of the need to touch, feel and try on products.Market leaders, like The Gap and cataloguer Lands End, can be successful because of their prior customer base, strong brand identity, consistent quality and fit and outstanding service and guarantees. Convenience shopping online is becoming increasingly popular with both adults and young people. Internet whitethorn be a good source for bargain hunting. The simplicity of online shopping can lure consumers into making purchases that may not qualify as a good deal. It is therefore imperative to know when a deal is really a deal

Microsoft Environment Analysis Essay Example for Free

Microsoft Environment Analysis stress1. The five vulnerabilities that exist for this LAN based workgroup are 2755801, 2501696, 2588513 2639658, 2659883. 2. Yes, the vulnerability that involves privilege elevation is 2639658 (Vulnerability in TrueType facial expression Parsing), but it is not a high priority. 3. 2719662Solution Workarounds refer to a setting or manikin change that does not correct the underlying issue but would help block cognize ack-ack vectors before a security update is available. Apply the Microsoft Fix it solution that blocks the attack vector for this vulnerability. incapacitate Sidebar in Group Policy. Disable the Sidebar in the system registry. 2737111Solution Workarounds refer to a setting or configuration change that does not correct the underlying issue but would help block known attack vectors before a security update is available. Disable WebReady document view for Exchange. 2755801Solution Workaround refers to a setting or configuration change that would help block known attack vectors before you declare the update. hold open Adobe Flash Player from running. bar Adobe Flash Player from running on Internet Explorer 10 through Group Policy on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. Prevent Adobe Flash Player from running in Office 2010 on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. Prevent progressiveX controls from running in Office 2007 and Office 2010. Set Internet and Local intranet security zone settings to high-pitched to block ActiveX Controls and Active Scripting in these zones. Configure Internet Explorer to prompt before running Active Scripting or to disable Active Scripting in the Internet and Local intranet security zone.

Ginsbergs friends Essay Example for Free

Ginsbergs friends EssayHowl is a dive into the other America, the urban center of night, the city of out manakins, beatniks and all those branded mad by regular society. The poem is for Carl Solomon, one of Ginsbergs friends, who was delegate to mental asylum Rockland where youre madder than I am, as Ginsberg states in the first line of the third stanza. exclusively all the substance through he is with him, declaring himself one with Solomon and as such with everyone who is considered an outcast, anyone who dares to go against the flow and herd-like card of his time. Howl is a comment on the stifling conformity of America of that time, being the Eisenhower era. The poem crosses numerous barriers. References to drugs abound, and Ginsberg himself has declared many times how he wrote the poem under the influence of peyote in an render to broaden the workings of the mind. The first stanza is a 78-line volcanic outburst of spontaneity in which Ginsberg presents through a stream of consciousness-technique image after image of the rejects of modern society, who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, alcohol and puppet and endless balls (Howl, line 10, 11). Grammatical rules are challenged in Howl.The only way to present the truth is to throw overboard this long stream of thoughts to be poured out uninterrupted, spontaneous and dense, leaving the reader time to reflect upon what has been said, as the following(a) image is already being presented, and after that another one and so on. The words notice the pattern of natural breathing and after the necessary pause for air, a new image follows forrader the reader can reflect upon the next image.The poem has to be read from beginning to end, as it is an indiscrete unity. The city that had an overall positive portrayal in Leaves of Grass has become a bleak domain where artificial li ght and colors dominate the landscape. Whitmans seas of bright juice have been exchanged for neon lights. The tempestuousness for the dawn of the age of democracy has waned, as separately individual became a replica of another, mimicking the patterns and behavior of each other creating a monotonous existence with no room for all those who are different, who want to be different, and who aspire to do something different.In a world where being different is frowned upon, there is little expect for individuality and freedom, and Ginsberg created a world for all whose existence is being denied by society in his poetry. The way to achieve this is through an unrestricted outpouring of truth. To do this, the poet has to expand his boundaries, and Ginsberg did this literally. Ginsberg went on the road to further explore the world around him.Only then can he look for eternity who drove cross-country seventy-two hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find out Eternity (Howl, line 60). We find the same sideline for eternity in line 54, where it is linked to the wish to cross the boundaries of time who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, alarm clocks fell on their heads every day for the next decade. In the second stanza, Ginsberg evokes the Moloch line after line, like a chant or hymn.The Moloch is clearly a reference to modern society. Once more we discover how the city, still full of hope in Whitmans world, has odd modern man destitute What sphinx of cement and aluminum bashed open their skulls and ate up their brains and imagination? (79). In the modern world, there is no place for outcasts, run as it is by money Moloch whose buildings are pattern Moloch whose blood is running money Whereas Whitman was positive about the city extending its boundaries upwards, in Ginsbergs world this has become a burden They broke their backs lifting Moloch to Heaven

George Orwell, 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell, 1984 EssayThe last and arguably close to powerful book to be written by rengeted novelist George Orwell (pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair), 1984 is the chronicle of mankinds gradual decay under aggressive dictatorship and screenland ideology. The influence of the novel is much(prenominal) that some footing such as great Brother, doublethink and newspeak nominate somehow found their way into the modern lexicon. Orwell visualized a beingness under constant war, with integral societies threatened by an omniscient judicature that wields control even over an individuals really thoughts. Half a century after the books publication, academics and casual readers a desire continue to interpret disturbing sameities between Orwells 1984 and todays increasingly intrusive institutions. With censoring, political rhetoric and propaganda congruous more and more like the slogans of Orwells dystopian society each day it is unsurprising that the novels last out quite a f avorite among academics and literary experts alike. Orwells startling depiction of a totalitarian extract peddling lies and deceit to its willing masses die hards relevant and to some extent frighteningly predictive of the ease up generation.Decades after it first saw print, 1984 still achieves momentous readership a literary warning that enemies of propaganda and censorship revisit time and again as a standard through which the growing excesses in government control and power could be measured. It is the worlds worst case scenario, and its enduring tender relevancy is a testament to some(prenominal) Orwells literary style and deep understanding of the human psyche.This constitution posits that George Orwells 1984 is a dystopian novel that deftly tackles the power of language and censorship in irresponsible both society and the individual hence its enduring relevance to academic studies on the political and social condition quo. This study shall begin with a brief summa ry of the novel in disposition to provide a narrative background. The following discussion involves three segments first, what is the style or mannikin of the novel, and how does it add to the novels evoke and narrative? Second, what are the main themes of the novel?Lastly, how do these themes combined with the novel remain relevant to the present times, hence its popularity with academics in the sociopolitical and literary fields? These are the questions that this study must answer in nine to prove its thesis. Summary 1984 is the story of Winston Smith, a member of the Outer society residing in what used to be London. Smith is a citizen of Oceania, unmatchable of the three superstates in the world of 1984. The protagonist lives a spright moving inss of controlled world he works in the Ministry of Truth, rewriting news stories and editing photographs in order to make report adhere to the callers new slogan.People who went against the Party disappeared and made unpersons there entire existence is erased by workers like Winston Smith. History, therefore, is constantly edited to fit whatever propaganda or slogan the Party is currently espousing. Though a member of the Party, Smith is far from a dedicated follower. He harbors a secret journal of outlawed thoughts about freedom and woodenly participates in the Two Minutes of Hate and other standard Party propaganda activities. Smith meets and falls in love with Julia there liaison, however, is both illicit and illegal.It is punishable by law, so Wilson and Julia find a sanctuary in a room above an old junk crop for their trysts. They are betrayed, however, and soon find themselves in the Ministry of Love where they are tortured and reeducated. In the end, fazed by the horrors of Room 101, Wilson and Julia succumb and betray each other. They are then released to await their execution on a later date. At the end of the novel, Wilson Smith accepts the power of Big Brother and willingly accepts his fate .Style and causeGeorge Orwells 1984, along with Ray Bradburys controversial Fahrenheit 451 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, is one of the worlds best-known dystopian novels. It presents a world only when gloomy and pessimistic the opposite of a utopia wherein everything is perfect and in its proper place. As Brunsdale (2000) points out, a dystopia is ultimately a hopelessly wrong society (p. 146). It is a world that has turned solely upside down, with nearly everything tout ensemble unlike what man would envision as paradise. It is an imagined world perverted entirely a subversion of all that society must aspire for.For George Orwell, this world is a warning, a marvellous vision that could puzzle a reality if totalitarianism and government intrusion continues unchecked. The use of a dystopian form is particularly useful in delivering Orwells message. A staunch critic of imperialism and other authoritarian forms such as communism and fascism, Orwells novel is a chilling po rtrait of what could happen should totalitarian governing remain unabated. His disgust with British Socialism, for example, made its way into the novels newspeak as Ingsoc (English Socialism).By presenting the novel in a dystopian form rather than a different kind of exposition, Orwell successfully parlays his sociopolitical ideas easily through an interesting world rather than a non-fiction tome of tedious words that whitethorn find comfort in cobwebs. A form other than dystopia would not have been able to deliver the message as effectively as 1984 has done. substitution Themes But what exactly is it that 1984 wishes to convey? At first glance, it seems as if 1984 is doomed to be a go out indictment of the faults of the British Empire in 1948 when Orwell completed the novel.In truth, however, the novel is more than the indictment of one government. It is not a scathing criticism on Stalinism, or the British Empire, or Hitlers destroyed trinity Reich alone. It is an attack agai nst Totalitarianism in whatever form or country, as it takes root and slowly sucks the life and freedom out of the individual and society as a whole. The novel is a critique a warning against what could happen following the unchecked growth of totalitarian governments. It is not the alliance or the nationality, therefore, that matters, save the attainable aim of totalitarian rule.One crucial theme in the novel that supports its criticism of totalitarianism is the power of language. Orwell emphasized the power of language in controlling the individuals mental freedom, particularly in terms of how much and how broad he is allowed to conceptualize. With words and language designed to limit the mind of the person, it is quite possible to exert control and slowly manipulate his or her inner thoughts. Such is the power of newspeak and doublethink both significant concepts from the novel that gradually crossed over to the mainstream jargon.These concepts are reliant on both language an d the institution of thought as the primary tools through which the Party and Big Brother carry out their artful plans. An example of Newspeak is the naming convention that led to the ironic names of the ministries in Orwells dystopian society. The Ministries are named in a weird manner quite opposite to what they truly stand for. For example, the Ministry of Love is one of the most fearsome ministries in Oceania, as this is where prisoners are brought for torture, reeducation and execution.The Ministry of Truth where Smith works is quite a paradox, as it concerns itself not with the propagation of truthful information, but with the erasure of people and events no longer in line with the present party rhetoric. The Ministry of Plenty and Ministry of Peace are similarly ironically named. Wemyss (1987) calls this use of newspeak as the strive to narrow the range of human consciousness by limiting the range of words available and by eliminating their polysemic quality (p. 45). When some terms and concepts lead unavailable for use or without a lingual equivalent, they become obsolete and forgotten by the mind.With the government controlling just which words to use and which ones to eliminate, the possibility of controlling the individuals and society becomes much larger. Here lies the power of language, which effectively affects how the brain processes and understands the world around him. Moreover, the concepts in Big Brothers society are defined in a manner describable as inverted. A particularly significant example is the slogan war is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength everything in Wilsons world is entirely upside down.It is, in essence, an example of doublethink, wherein one is forced to contain two opposing thoughts at the very(prenominal) time and believe them both. It is an ability forced on the people of Oceania the citizens think of war and peace as one rather than opposing sides of the coin. Even when the citizens clearly know that Oceania switches allies from Eurasia to Eastasia constantly, they are capable of manipulating their own minds into thinking that what the Party calls its history has always been true and in place. Another significant theme in the novel is censorship.Radio, television and print censorship is, of course, the norm in Big Brothers world. More than the controls on media, however, the Party is also highly concerned with purity and the errors of sexual dalliances. Pornography or any form of crud publications are also banned in Oceania, and sexual thoughts are viewed as impurities even when conducted within the boundaries of marriage. This mirrors the discernment of totalitarian governments to extend their powers over decency and issues of morality. Whether or not the reason behind this is truly about make clean up society remains a mystery.Reviews on the Novel The significance of the novel 1984 can be seen in how todays academics remain enamored and continuously attempt to correlate th e classic story of political and social manipulation to Orwells final masterpiece. Agathocleous (2000) took note of the relevance of the novel primarily through the proliferation of terms used in the novel in the modern jargon. The world presented by Orwell remains resonant in todays world, wherein his ideas have become common knowledge (p. 101). Orwells 1984 is no longer just a novel it is now a part of popular culture.This popularity, Agathocleous (2000) attributes to the the relevance of the issues discussed by Orwell even in todays society. It is popular because it remains true and undated, thereby comme il faut a classic in its own right (p. 101). For Wanner (1997), on the other hand, notes that Orwells dystopian world is completely different from other portrayals of such negative societies. Unlike other dystopian nations, Orwells Oceania has resigned itself to imperfection and unhappiness without in reality admitting it.Though the government may still tout this perfect world as their own, Orwell shows the characters to be nutrition in a difficult world, one wherein pretenses are kept up in order to detain the constant watch of Big Brother. This world is take ind as hopeless, and it is accurate. Rather than follow other similar styles, Orwell opts to present a realistic view of his world and the negativity that sucks everything within its path (p. 77). Wanner (1997) also notes that Orwell is not entirely separate from socialism.Though the author does indict British socialism and other similar forms of totalitarianism, the presence of Goldstein, according to Wanner, shows that Orwell is still ambivalent regarding the best way to run a society. Even Goldstein, the supposed attracter of the opposition, is not a figure against socialism. Wanner thus views this as a softening on Orwells part, noting that his message may not entirely be the indictment of all socialism (p. 77). Lastly, the concept of Orwellian language and politics have slowly caught up wit h the United States, thanks in no small part to the current administration.In his journal article, Kellner (2007) argues that Orwells world has remained enduring over the years because of its relevance. As such, Kellner easily correlates the War on Terror and the rhetoric that appears in Oceania as the modern equivalent of Orwells world (p. 622). These are some of the reviews that describe the relevance and endurance of the novel, 1984. It utilizes the dystopian model, with sensational usage of the power of language and new terms, in order to correlate Orwells fictional world with the present situation.

History of Pinkerton Detectives Essay Example for Free

History of Pinkerton Detectives EssayAllan Pinkerton was born(p) in Glasgow, Scotland, on August 25, 1819. He was born into p overty to a law of nature man who could no longer piss due to injuries he had sustained from the job. To support his family Allan worked as a cooper or barrel maker in his native land. Allan ran afoul(postnominal) of local authorities over the membership in a chartist g whollyery. This was a political movement that was dedicated to universal suffrage and better working conditions for the poor. A price was laid on his query and Allan and his young bride Joan f guide for their lives. This landed them in the United States and settled near Chicago in 1842. He was a very hard working man who had realized working for himself would be the best thing for him and his family. aft(prenominal) some succession he move to Dundee a town he realized it was in motif of cooper. There he quickly gained control of the market due to his bang-up quality of barrels and imprint prices. The desire he had to expand his dividing line is what led him to the path of being a police investigator. Allan Pinkerton realized that good quality raw materials for his barrel were easily obtained on Small Island close to town.Through a duty mind he decided instead of paying differents to provide him with the materials he should instead travel to the discover to get the materials. Pinkerton was an abolitionist and soon his shop acted as a station for escaping slaves to freedom to the north through and through the Underground Railroad (John, 2005). When Pinkerton got to the island, there were signs of habitation. Having in mind that there were some counterfeiters in the area, he reason that could be their hiding place. He teamed up with the local sheriff to venture out the camp and this led to the maintain of the band.His superiority began in detective and the local townspeople turned to him to help them in arresting the ringleader of the band. The graphic abilities in Allan Pinkerton eventually allowed him to track and bring down the counterfeiters to justice. One day while Pinkerton was gathering woodwind instrument he discovered a gang that was making coins in the area. Allan assisted in arresting these men. This find and arrest of the counterfeiters led to his appointment as a country sheriff in 1846. In 1850 Allan was appointed as the first city detective in Chicago police force and in the same course of study he established a private detective mental representation.In 1850 by Pinkerton Allan along with Chicago lawyer general Edward Rucker founded the north western police agency. In 1843, Allans brother Robert had formed his own affair called Pinkerton caller-up which was originally established as railroad contractors, unless along the line he began to work as a railroad detective. This business was growing very rapidly that he engage some(prenominal) men as detectives and guards. When Allan and Ruckers business dissol ved a family after its formation Allan coupled his brother in the already established company and the name changed to Pinkerton National Detective sureness (John, 2005).The Pinkerton detective agency It is believed to be founded by Allan Pinkerton in the 1850s. He selected a logo of an open eye with the tagline we neer sleep. This is what led the Pinkerton men and later to private eyes. Pinkerton provided a wide range of private detective services and specialized in the capture of train robbers and counterfeiters. Their clients included banks, railroads, and government and they provided stable business for the impregnable. They were hired by railroad companies to investigate crimes against them and the activities of labor movements. Pinkerton was a solution to the growing labor unrest.Many businesses valued muscular enforcers available at the factories and mines to watch their employees closely (Geringer, 2008). In 1861, when he was investigating a railway case he discovered a n assassination plot against Abraham Lincoln. The conspirators were intended to kill Lincoln during a damp at Baltimore on the way to his inauguration. Pinkerton warned Lincoln of the threat and he passed through that city at nighttime secretly. Lincoln soon hired Pinkerton to organize a secret service to gather military entropy during the civil war in the southern states. During this time he hired escaped slaves as spies to the confederates.During the time of the civil war Pinkerton headed a group that was aiding the government with information about their rivals. He also at times acted as Lincolns body guard. During the years between 1867 and 1875 he was the head of American secret service during the civil war and he led to the pursuit for frank and Jessie James American outlaws in the state of Missouri (John, 2005). After the civil war Pinkerton went back to the management of his detective agency. When Robert Pinkerton died in 1868 Allan Pinkerton took over the whole managemen t of the detective agency.However a year later he suffered a paralyzing stroke which nearly killed him. He recovered later and went on with the management of the Pinkerton detective agency. Between the year 1873 and 1876, one of his agents managed to obtain the secured evidences that had led to the breaking up of the coal miners organization in Pennsylvania who were public opinion to engage in terrorism. This led to the execution of twenty people members by the court. In 1877 they went on strikes that led to much criticism of the Pinkerton detective agency harsh policies towards the labor meats.The criticism was done in circles though Pinkerton was assertive that he was helping workers by opposing the labor unions. Allan Pinkerton died in 1884, and the agency was taken over by his sons William and Robert who proceed the agencys movement from detective work to security and protection. Improved police departments and other private agencies at this time had begun to impinge on Pinke rtons business. Allans sons continued with the companys expansion, investigations of mafia activities, unions, robberies and insurance claims. They also provided protection to various public events.During the labor unrests he hired guards to keep strikers and their unionists away from the factories. Most noted was the 1892 homestead strike where the Pinkerton agents ended up killing some(prenominal) people. The Pinkerton Detective agency often supplied men to break strikes. During this year 1892, the amalgamated iron and steel workers union invited its members at a homestead plant owned by Andrew and Henry. The strikers were waiting for them and they had a battle all the day long which resulted to the death of seven Pinkertons agents and nine workers. This gave the agency a bad packaging (Gale, 2000).Allan Pinkerton II gained control of the company in 1923. He continued with the expansion of the business due to change magnitude bank robberies which was facilitated by automobile. In 1930 he also died and Robert Pinkerton II took control of the agency. In 1937 when the Wagner Act by the congress was passed it made the investigation of the labor activities illegal. To make up for this loss of the business the Pinkerton Agency rivet more on investigation of gambling, especially the horse racing circuit. The 1940s through to 1960s was a time for change for the Pinkerton National detective agency.Their primary service changed to guarding of property. This can be linked part to the services they offered during the World War II guarding the war supply plants. In 1965 it was renamed Pinkertons incorporated to radiate this shift away from investigation services. In 1967 Edward J. Bednarz became the first non- family member to be a president of the agency. In 1983 Americans Brands purchased the Pinkerton for $162 million. The chairman who took over Robert McGuire had the objective to improve the agency service and increases revenue. His efforts resulted to $11 mill ion loss in sales by 1987.This loss could be partly blamed on the competition by other over 1000 security agencies that had sprung up over the years (Gale, 2000). Thomas Wathen purchased the company from the American Brands in 1988 for $95 million. His goal was to revitalize this firm having revitalized the California Plant Protection to gain its source position of a multi purpose investigation firm. He actively sought the companys crop through acquisitions. After duration of two years, Pinkertons inc. had combined revenue of $605 million. Wathen also expanded the agency reach to other countries including Mexico, Canada and Portugal.In 1991, Pinkerton acquired Business Risk International, a respected investigation, a respected investigation, consulting and business agency. This move brought Pinkerton back into business as a full service security provider. The firm continued to expand throughout the late 1990s, and solidified its position as the worlds biggest security solutions fi rm (Gale, 2000). In conclusion the Pinkerton detective agency may not have been founded to run this far but the ambitions of the people who ran the company contributed to this sustainability of the company.The good work offered by the company was also needed by some(prenominal) and the target groups who received the services were also well chosen. The natural abilities of Pinkerton were also a great and grave aspect of his mission. The choosy way of recruiting the agents contributed a great deal to the success of the company. All these reasons combined with the brilliant services they offered made them more successful. Pinkerton was a great man in searching for up feeler opportunity which helped him in expanding his businesses and also gain superiority.References Gale Group, (2000) Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Retrieved on 16th Jan, 2009 from http//www. accessmylibrary. com/coms2/summary_0193-13350_ITM Geringer J. , (2008) Allan Pinkerton and His Detective Agency We Neve r Sleep. Retrieved on 16th Jan, 2009 from http//www. trutv. com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/pinkerton/1. html John L. Hoh, Jr. (2005) Allan Pinkerton and his Secret map in the Underground Railroad. Retrieved on 16th Jan, 2009 from http//www. suite101. com/article. cfm/the_underground_railroad/114256

Nevada Policy Scenarios Essay Example for Free

Nevada Policy Scenarios Essay1. Western Water PolicyIn light of population growth, Nevada must continue to seek new resources for water consumption. Options include working with farmers and states such as California, Arizona, Idaho, and even the area of Mexico. There are also various Lake Mead projects that could supply the needed water, as well as saving projects within the state of Nevada. economise a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questionsa. Can you project the potence enjoyment the state government will need to fulfill in this scenario? b. Can you project the role the federal official government might need to fulfill in this scenario? c. How much of a role should the federal government play in western water policy? justify your answers.2. Exploitation of Nevada ResourcesA radioactive blow out disposal company has recently settled a contract agreeing to dispose of radioactive waste for various thermonuclear power plants located across the United St ates. Company executives, following several meetings, assume decided to pursue waste disposal at Yucca Mountain, a short distance from Las Vegas. Using Ch. 11 of The Sagebrush State as a guide, write a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questionsa. In light of court decisions in the 1990s regarding control of federal lands in Nevada, why would eastern politicians and nuclear power plant owners show little regard for Nevadans who oppose storage of nuclear waste in Nevada?b. Is there any aspect of the Nevada Constitution that would influence land-use policies such as the one in this scenario? Explain your answer.c. In what ways can the Nevada state government play a role in essential land-use decisions similar to this?3. Past and Present GamingSuppose you had the opportunity to develop a new casino in Nevada. Write a 350- to 400-word response answering the following questionsa. What historic political, social, and economic trends could you reference to back the posit ive opportunity and benefits of building a casino? What current political, social, and economic issues might deter you from embarking on such a project? b. Consider land-ownership issues.4. Alternative Sources of Energy in NevadaThe availability of land, sunlight, and other inhering resources make Nevada an ideal location for alternative energy sources. Speculate on how Nevada could capture these resources to create a competitive advantage in their area. In what ways would this advantage be affected by political, social, and land-ownership issues? Write a 350- to 400-word response that considers political, social, and land-ownership issues relative to each of the following alternative energy sourcesa. Solarb. Geothermalc. sneakd. Hydroelectric

Food Hygiene & Sanitation Essay Example for Free

regimen Hygiene Sanitation Essay barely without oxygen at an ideal temperature 43? C c. Only with oxygen at an ideal temperature of 43? C d. Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature of 39? C 7. Which of the following multitudes of hazards are most likely to cause a solid nutritionborne disease outbreak? a. bacteria and viruses b. Parasites and molds c. Vibrio spp. and Shigella spp. d. Chemical and physical hazards 8. bacterium grow best within a narrow temperature hunt down called the temperature danger zone. The temperature danger zone is between a. -18? C and 104? C b. -8? C and 65? C c. 5? C and 60? C d. 5? C and 100? C . Bacteria that cause foodborne unsoundness will only grow on foods that have pH at _____ or above and a water activity (AW) above____. a. 3. 2 0. 85 b. 4. 6 0. 85 c. 6. 5 0. 80 d. 8. 0 0. 75 10. Which of the following bacteria produce a toxin that is more likely to cause death if consumed? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. clostridia botulinus c. Shiga-tox in producing Escheria coli d. Listeria monocytogenes 11. Some bacteria form spores to help them a. Reproduce b. Move easily from one location to other c. Survive adverse environmental conditions d. Grow in high acidic foods 12.Which of the following is a histamine poisoning? a. Ciguatoxin b. Scombrotoxin c. Mycotoxin d. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 13. Which of the following is not considered a potentially hazardous food group? a. Red meats b. Fish and shellfish c. Poultry and eggs d. Dried grains and spices 14. The most effective way to reserve the growth of bacteria in a food establishment is by controlling a. Time and temperature b. pH and oxygen conditions c. Temperature and water activity d. Time and food availability 15. Food borne illness can caused by a. Poor personal hygiene b.Cross pollution c. Temperature abuse d. All the above 16. Regarding food thermometers, which bid is false? a. Be calibrated b. measure out temperatures between 5? C and 57? C c. Measure temperatures between -18? C and 104? C d. Be approved for use in foods 17. Good personal hygiene includes a. Using hand sanitizers instead of washing hand b. Keeping hands and clothes clean and salutary c. Wearing attractive uniforms d. Cleaning and sanitizing food-contact surfaces 18. Cross contamination is a term used to describe the fare of a foodborne hazard from 1 food to another a.By a food workers hand b. From a cutting board c. From a knife blade d. All of the above 19. aft(prenominal) proper cooking, all foods that are to be held hot must be held at a. 74? C or above b. 57? C or above c. Room temperature until served d. 49? C or above 20. Food workers should wash their hands after which of the following? a. Taking out the trash b. signature their faces c. Handling raw food d. All of the above Section B (10 marks) Answer either align/ False. 1. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System is only used to monitor food processing in manufacturing plants. () 2.Certifi cation of food protection managers and workers refers to screening done for health problems. () 3. The term food establishment includes any site where food is processed, prepared, sold or served. () 4. Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illness. () 5. peerless of the potentially hazardous food is cut melons. () 6. There are two types of bacteria that are spore forming and non-spore forming. () 7. Clostridium botulinum cannot cause death. () 8. E. Coli can be found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. () 9. Prevention of cross contamination can be done by keeping raw food and ready-to-eat food together during storage. ) 10. Bacteria take 25 minutes to multiply. () Section C (20 marks) Briefly explain on each answer. 1.

Comparing US and Indias Abortion Laws

Comparing US and Indias Abortion LawsA REFLECTION OF AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE ON THE INDIAN MILIEU OF LIBERALISED ABORTION POLICIESAbortion laws originated in the United Kingdom as early on as 1803, exactly the credit of revolutionizing stillbirth laws and recognizing the inhithernt, possibly inextricable right and liberty of women over their bodies sewer l mavin(prenominal) be given to the United invokesmore special everyy to the American Judiciary. From as early as hard roe v. Wade, the American Judiciary has been reiterating womens rights as radical persons to full terminate her pregnancy in the earlier stages and thither afterwardwardsward the give tongue to being given a role to play hence making miscarriage legal for the obtainment ceremony time in the Unites estates in 1973. Even though senators and some otherwise policy-makers in several, if not all(prenominal), conjures of the United States get hold of tried to whittle down the primary premise of roe v. Wade, it had been emphatically upheld in subsequent aspects. later more than thirty years of taking firm root of the pro-abortion movement in the West, anti-abortion groups know again taken a radical stand by trying to control abortions through the introduction of the unhatched Child Pain cognisance visiting card of 2005(comm unaccompanied known as Fetal Pain Legislation) and as m all a(prenominal) as 20- triple states in the USA fetch passed it to be an Act, which would require that abortionists disclose to women the reality that cleansing an unborn baby by abortion stupefys incommode to the child. It would also require that women who were gravid for more than twenty weeks would be given the choice of adopting anesthesia for their foetuses. Interestingly this move by the legislatures was said to consider its primer coat on the judgments in Gonzales v. Carhart whereby the peremptory accost had held that the federal regulation banning failial-birth abortion was c onstitutional on its face. The issue of fetal agony arose amidst the partial-birth abortion contest. Supporters of the federal command argued that partial-birth abortion was excruciatingly painful for the foetus and that banning this abortion procedure would further the States legitimate recreate in protecting the unborn child. Opp unmatchablents of the federal ban argued that there was no conclusive scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that a fetus is even capable of lifeing pain. As a result of this partial-birth abortion controversy, legislations aimed at acknowledging and assuaging fetal pain during abortion came into being. In India, the debate on abortion laws as embodied in the Medical finis of Pregnancy Act, 1971 has been swirling since the Bombay High court of laws decision in Dr. Nikhil Dattar Ors. v. Union of India, whereby the Court going by a morose interpretation of the provisions in the Statute, refused to give a lady pregnant with a malformed fetu s to abort since she was already in her twenty-fourth week of pregnancy as mandated by the Statute. Since accordingly there occupy been urgent calls to amend the Statute as long-standing critiques of the policy were brought to the fore-front again. It has become critical at this occasion to expression at the development of abortion law and policies in the West, particularly in the United States, to dullard where India stands at this moment and whether, if at all, India should be inspired from the western counterpoint or take direction from the developments therein to better further its own stakes in striking the perfect balance between liberty, familiarity and freedom of the individual versus the States right to interfere.I. INTRODUCTIONThe issue of abortion presents itself to the modern sensibility and understanding as a perplexing cocktail of moral, spiritual and legal perplexitys. Indeed, the problem of regulating abortion is inherently an exercise in seeking out the equ ilibrium between an ever-increasing degree of medical examination empiricism that time and technology continually bring into the fluid domains of moral, religious and legal normativeness. Some of the several facets of the question, by their precise nature, would fail to one shot up with any one answer under the scrutiny of any courtnormative questions of when tone truly begins, whose life is more valuable and the relative sanctity of human life, potential and existing, are, as the courts themselves see recognized 1complex considerations of such a personal nature that courts had better leave them off their consideration list and if absolutely requisite to deal with such questions, then exercise the highest possible degree of predisposition in dealing with them. The lotion of lenses as varied as the feminist, the medical, the bioethical and moral, the religious2 and the legal (and more special(prenominal)ally constitutional) bow many resultant views to the issue. Any lastin g resolution, legal or otherwise, then must(prenominal) come from a nuanced, holistic view of the multiple facets of the problem. Indeed, the representing notions of the larger abortion debate, personhood, bodily integrity and autonomy, and the relative importation of rights (individual, fetal and of the putative father) and their holders, are issues of interdisciplinary concern.On the central issue of personhood, for instance, which has found resonance in the Courts specifically in context of the fetal status, it has been re markinged that the law and indeed society ignores the personhood of the adult female3, who in that regard at least should return been granted integral and unquestioned constitutional standing at par with other women and men. Conversely, when the question of fetal personhood is detached from a moral or spiritual context and is viewed under the medical and bioethical lens in measurable and empirical terms, it is defeated.4 While the debate rages on with pas sionate voices and legitimate concerns on either side of the divide, and the groundswell of reason and rhetoric shows no sign of ebbing, it has been recognized that the entire compass of the debate boils down to only the slighter of two difficult tragedies5. In this article we shall seek to address the grand analysis and documentation of the evolution of the abortion jurisprudence as has evolved in the United States of America and then compare as to where India with its fledgling abortion laws stands in perspective. Above all, however, even as we take indorser through the rhetoric as it deepens into more and more specific concerns, such as those dealt with in the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) part of this article, the exercise brings home the sobering realization that the law, as a tool, can take us only so far in settling the of imports of and the issues surrounding the abortion debate6.II. ABORTION THE by AND THE PRESENTA. THE PRE-ROE LANDSCAPEAttitudes towards abortion in t he ancient world were, in the whole, accepting of abortion, with few qualms rough its practice. Ancient religion placed no bar on abortion and fetal rights were largely unrecognized.7 Interestingly, however, one of the basic requirements of the Hippocratic Oaths is a categorical one to refrain from the practice of abortion in any form.8 Early common law, influenced as it was by the philosophic and theological debates of its own of when the fetus was to be considered quick, recognized abortion as a crime only after quickening, that is the point in time at which the fetus becomes capable of discernable and independent movement in utero.9 This was usually considered to kick the bucket between the time frame of 16 and 18 weeks into pregnancy, although no entirely empirical root word for this was offered. When England choose its first legislation in 1803Lord Ellenboroughs Act10as it was known, it retained the notion of quickening using it to mark the distinction between a simple fel ony, in the beginning the incidence of quickening and a capital law-breaking once the fetus is quick.Compare this with the scenario eighteen years after the passage of Ellenboroughs Act. Across the Atlantic in 1821, the US state of Connecticut became the first to adopt an abortion legislation which read much worry Ellenboroughs Act. Mean objet dart, the state of New York in 1828 passed laws recognizing abortion as an offence (which were to become the prototypical model for early legislation across the United States), albeit of different degrees, both before and after quickening. Further, it recognized and included sanative abortion as valid and excusable, thereby guaranteeing several(prenominal) safety measures to heavy(p) bugger offs in slip-ups where their physicians had reason to think the mothers own life was at risk.11 Within the span of a hundred years, however, by the middle of the twentieth century, the volume of US States had enacted a complete ban on abortion, sav e for cheeks in which the mothers life was at risk. The notion of quickening, a pervasive concept forming the natural basis for abortion laws in the not precise distant past, came to vanish entirely from the rulebook.In the 1960s and 70s, many US States were beginning to adopt some version or variation of the American Law Institutes Model Penal Code12, (hereinafter referred to the A.L.I. Model) in which the abortion laws were decisively less stringent than before. In a very encompassing sense and in only very small measure, womens right to abortion began to reclaim some of its early efficacy. The laws, however, despite their new form, allowed far less opportunity to procure a medical termination of pregnancy than in the past. It was only in 1967 that cobalt became the first state to legalize abortion. 13 This movement towards the A.L.I. Model and more liberalized laws in general was, it must be noted, however, a gro backstage but not universal trend of the time. The State of Te xas, which enacted its first abortion legislation in 184014, was among the majority which make no movement toward liberalizing their abortion laws. Laws banning abortion, except in the case of tangible risks to the mother, abideed in place in the majority of US States. Thus before even the leap out of an opportunity for a stand-off between the legislature and the judiciary as we shall see in the forthcoming part, there were slow and decisive vacillations in abortion laws which sometimes favored the pro-choice and sometimes favored the pro-life with varying degrees over time.B. ROE v. WADE THE CONTEXT, CRITICISMS, CONCLUSIONS AND CONSEQUENT DECISIONSAgainst the backcloth elucidated above, it might be pertinent to look into the landmark judgment and decision of hard roe v. Wade.15(Hereinafter referred to as Roe) Herein an unmarried, pregnant cleaning lady, under the pseudonym of Jane Roe, instituted a federal action on behalf of herself and all other women in the March of the year 1 970 against the District lawyer of Dallas County, Texas, where she resided, challenging the very constitutionality of the Texas Criminal Abortion Laws. She stated her intent to procure a legal abortion performed by a competent, licensed physician, under safe, clinical conditions16 and that she would not be able to travel to a jurisdiction which would allow her to obtain an abortion of the aforementioned nature. The case came in federal appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1971, and on the 22nd of January 1973, the Courts historic seven-two judgement was enunciated by judge Blackmun. This decision has since then taken the shape of a veritable cornerstone in any rendering of the protracted history of abortion debates in the United States.Justice Blackmun gave on behalf of the majority the Courts opinion.17 The Court recognized, side declination the decision in Griswold v. Connecticut18, that a general right to privacy exists, although nowhere explicitly stat ed, in the US Constitution, and that it is protected by the ordinal Amendments Due Process Clause. It read the said right as a fundamental one, being broad enough to cover a muliebritys right to choose whether or not to abort, and only subject to government regulation in the face of some compelling interest of the state ( both the life of the mother and the potential life of the fetus were recognized as legitimate interests). The Court held that State interference in pregnancy is justifiable in the second trimester only to protect motherlike wellness, since at this point the risks of abortion are greater than those associated with childbirth itself. However, it is only once fetal viability is reached that the State is granted a compelling interest. At this stage, the complete prohibition of abortion, other than in cases of risk to the expectant mothers health or life, is permissible. The dissenting opinion, given by Justice Rehnquist, however lays down certain criticisms of the j udgement. Firstly, that the Court went too far in formulating and applying constitutional rules in terms which were significantly broader than the precise facts of the case warranted. Secondly, the application of the right to privacy in this case was seen as difficult to justify and thirdly, he conceded the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process clause to legislations such as the one at hand but goes on to find troubling the Courts sweeping invalidation of restrictions in the first trimester. Further, he stated that the Court had by chance taken its task too far, leaving the boundaries of judicial judgement and entering onto legislative turf.The resolution of this and other cases by no means signalled the end of the pro-choice journey. As recognized by the courts, safe abortions remain a function of such considerations as race and income. The United States has seen violent attacks against abortion clinics and stigma mud a very real challenge. In spite of it being touted as a landmark judgement, Roe continues to attract criticism from all quarters. Drawing their main premises from the Rehnquist dissent, many, be it proponents or opponents of abortion alike, have questioned the sound basis of the judgement and the consequences of its overly broad and vague contentions19. The construction of the doctor-patient relationship and the rights and roles of the two parties (the woman seeking abortion and the medical practitioner) as depicted by the Court was also criticized. There have also been several attempts to overturn the Roe decision. In fact in about a decade leading up to 1992, the United States approached the Court as amicus curiae in five separate cases, to overrule Roe, but the judgment was resoundingly upheld in what would be touted as another(prenominal) landmark the Planned Parenthood of southeasterly Pennsylvania v. Casey.20(hereinafter referred to as Casey) The courts decision was given, in this case, by a triad of judges. This case is one among a very small group to hold that distinction. Justices OConnor, Kennedy and Souter, in their joint opinion, had the following to say After considering the fundamental constitutional questions resolved by Roe, principles of institutional integrity, and the rule of stare decisis, we are led to conclude this the essential holding of Roe v. Wade should be retained and once again reaffirmed.21 Casey, as is evident from the above, upheld the fundamental grounds of the majority decision in Roe. It has even been said that the (joint) opinion has definitively and decidedly put all doubts about the basic constitutional question of abortion.22After Casey, the constitutional basis of the womans (qualified) right to abort was no longer negotiable, and no likelihood remained of the Court reconsidering or overturning Roe while, for example, in another, earlier case, the consideration of Roes constitutional merits were only left off for another day23.It must be noted, however, that the judges in Casey made go along that they were by no means offering an unqualified affirmation of Roe. The Court denounced the prescriptive medical trimester organization laid down in Roe and, in its place, enunciated the test of indefensible shoot. Under this test, the State may justifiably place regulations on the procurement of abortion pre-viability as well, in furtherance of its interest in the life (or potential life) of the foetus, deliverd that the regulations imposed lay down no idle burden on the womans right to procure the abortion, if she so chooses. This right exists even in spite of the fact that the States interests were deemed in Roe to become compelling only in the third, last trimester of pregnancy, when the court could prohibit abortion, other than when the womans life was in danger. The Courts holdings in Casey came in the context of Pennsylvanias state laws which required parental or spousal notification if a woman desired to procure an abortion. The provisio ns regarding the former were upheld on the grounds that that they did not impose an un cod burden on the pregnant woman and her rights, while the latter was declared unconstitutional by the Court.The broad constitutional questions surrounding the abortion having been addressed in Roe and settled in Casey, more specific issues began to appear before the Courts. In Stenberg v. Carhart24 (hereinafter referred to as Carhart I), at issue was a northeast state statute25 criminalizing the instruction execution of partial-birth abortions, a particular form of abortion in which the living fetus is delivered partially into the vagina, aborted and then legal transfer is completed. The statute afforded no exception for cases in which the womans life is at risk. Dr. Leroy Carhart, a medical doctor in the state of Nebraska who performed abortions, brought this suit contending that the provisions of the statute violate the US Federal Constitution. The case came in appeal before the Supreme Cour t. The Court, in its opinion delivered by Justice Breyer on the 28th of June, 2000, found that the statutes were unconstitutional firstly, because the requisite exception in value of grave risks to maternal life was entirely absentminded and secondly, because, in its complete restriction of access to a particular method of abortion, the statute was seen to place an undue burden on the womans right to choose abortion itself. The breadth of the judgement spans a consideration of the different abortion methods available, partial birth abortion being only one among them, and the validity of the ban on partial birth abortion under the statute, referring, as the District Court before it had, to medical definition and policy of the American Medical Association. The judgement also contained a further restatement of the Courts as affirmation of the principles in Roe and Casey. The decision in Carhart I derives much of its value from the fact that the substance of the decision invalidated, for all intents and purposes, similar bans which were at the time in force in the majority of US States.But, subsequently, on the fifth of November, 2003 the United States Congress passed the partial(p) hand over Abortion Ban Act26(hereinafter referred to as the Partial Birth Act) criminalizing the consummation of partial birth abortions. In spite of the decision in Carhart I, this piece of legislation contained, as did the Nebraska statute which was the subject of the dispute, no exception for the health of the woman. It has also been noted that the language of the Partial Birth Act was very similar to the Nebraska statute27. The validity of the Partial Birth Act came up for question in yet another case brought to the courts by Dr. Carhart (and others) challenging its constitutional validity and seeking a permanent injunction against its enforcement, this decision we now call Carhart II28. In this instance, Carhart II on appeal from the ordinal Circuit Court and another case, also involving US Attorney General Gonzales and the question of the validity of the Partial Birth Act (such cases were referred to as facial attacks or challenges to the statute)29, with specific reference to the requirement of an exception for cases involving maternal health, Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood Federation Of America, Inc.30, on appeal from the Ninth Circuit, were consolidated and heard by the Court. The case was closely fought, and the opinion deeply divided. With a majority of five as against four,31 the judgement went in privilege of Attorney General Gonzalesthe Act was upheld.As in Carhart I, Justice Kennedy in his statement of the Courts opinion for the majority began with an exposition on the various methods of abortion. The plurality opinion in Casey in relation to State interest was resurrected, but Justice Kennedy made a clear distinction the Act merely regulated one method of abortion. It placed restrictions on the procurement of abortion itself and, therefore The law saves not a mavin fetus from destruction, for it targets only a method of performing abortion.32The specific statement of the validity of the Act was reassert by Justice Kennedy. He held that the Act was not void for vagueness, does not impose an undue burden from any over breadth, and is not invalid on its face.33 Justice Thomas and Justice Scalia concurred, and the former in his concurrence states, crucially, that I write separately to reiterate my view that the Courts abortion jurisprudence, including Casey and Roe v. Wade, has no basis in the Constitution.34 Justice Ginsburg, with whom Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, and Justice Breyer joined, in an emphatic dissent was in her linguistic communication alarmed35 by the Courts decision. She further recognised the weight of the precedent which, in upholding the Act, the Court was ignoring and could not find any fathomable justification for the same. Thirdly, she pointed out the Courts complete and unjustifiable terms, which showed no regard for or quotation ,express or implied, of the hitherto firmly entrenched notion of viability and the distinction and consequences of pre- and post-viability abortion decisions. Lastly, she expressed complete disparity with what amounted to an absolute sanction of federal intervention and legislation contrary to a specialist bodys, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG), professional person view that such a procedure was in specific cases required and necessary.Notwithstanding Justice Ginsburgs specific premises of dissent, several others exist. One strong objection to Carhart II is this Thirty four years after Justice Blackmuns decision in Roe, Justice Kennedys enunciation of the majority opinion in Carhart II pronounced a return of the Court to its initial stance on the relationship of the woman, vis--vis medical practitioners. The construction of the woman slid from casting her as the primary stakeholder and decision maker as regar ds termination of pregnancy, as explicitly ceremonious in Casey among several other decisions of the Court, to one in which the she acted as her doctor chose. It seems that Carhart II is, by its statements with respect to the womans status and their implications at least, a return to Myra Bradwell36-esque rhetoric and reasoning37, where the womans status and function in society and societal interaction is reduced to a narrow definition, accounting for only her ability to procreate and her role in maternity and child rearing. Another (related) criticism also stems from Justice Kennedys statement as regards the consequences for the prospective mother upon the unquestionable performance of a medical abortion Severe depression and loss of esteem can follow.38 No empirical foundation is offered for such an inference indeed, doubts surrounding the very question of existence of a scientific basis are admitted the absence of reliable data to measure the phenomenon is explicitly conceded.R oe, since its passage three and a half decades ago, has been a touchstone in the evolution of the body of laws that governed medical termination of pregnancy. Its full scope was whittled down early in its existence, most visibly and explicitly in Casey. But, despite that, its basic premises, its spirit unambiguously prevailed in all of the US Supreme Courts deliberations and pronouncements on the subject. It is a foreseeable consequence, however, that, after Carhart II, movements, especially pro-life advocacy, and their founding impetus will grow in favor of overthrowing Roe or circumventing it, most likely through legislation, as is already beginning to emerge in several US states39. The question of whether the vast body of abortion jurisprudence in the United States Courts system will lastly at all, let alone conclusively, amount to progress in the field of gender rights and, more particularly, for the cause of female reproductive autonomy has, now, especially after Carhart II and Casey taken on a significantly diametric range of possible answers as compared to those that were presumed likely prior to the resolution of these cases. The precise answer is, at this juncture at least, only a product of time.II. FOETAL PAIN LEGISLATIONCONTRACTION OF liberty FOR PREGNANT WOMENThe essence of civilization is this The strong have a duty to protect the weak. We know that in a culture that does not protect the most dependent, the handicapped, the elderly, the unloved, or simply inconvenient become increasingly vulnerable. George W. Bush40A. A SHORT ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE UNBORN CHILD PAIN AWARENESS ACT OF 2005 AND THE collect FOR SUCH A LEGISLATIONThough the then Governor Bush who would later become the hot seat of the United States of America was not talking of abortion at all, he was perhaps echoing the sentiments of another President of a by-gone era Ronald Reagan. The latter in an address had famously said that Medical skill doctors confirm that when the lives of the unborn are snuffed out, they often feel pain, pain that is long and agonizing.41 With such lofty intentions in mind, to protect the vulnerable perhaps, the Fetal Pain Legislation was introduced in the Senate.The unborn Child Pain Awareness Act of 2005(hereinafter referred to as the Act) was introduced by Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas in the US Senate on 24th January 2005 being Senate Bill no. 51.42 This Act aims to punish physicians heavily should they fail to advise women of the potential for fetal pain after 20 weeks gestation.This is done by amending by adding a new chapter titled Title XXIXUnborn Child Pain Awareness to the Public Health Service Act, first enacted in 1946. There has been a considerable furor over this particular provision in the Act as the medical labor union is continuously making itself heard that at this stage of gestation, the fetus does not develop the necessary biological mechanism to feel pain as such. Case in point would be a wing of physicians, specialized in embryology and neuro-anatomy, who assert that pain fibers do not start penetrating the cortex before the fetus is 26 weeks old and the sensation of pain would not begin before the 29th week.43 still the Congress ignoring well proven ideas on the same issue, state in the Findings which are a part of the Act that at 20 weeks after fertilization, fetuses have the capability to feel pain and to make the stretch even widersince the concept of what the fetuses might be feeling might not be pain at allthe Congress in its Findings mentioned that such fetuses might show such stimuli as may be interpreted to show feelings of pain if observed in infants or adults.44The requirement of informed consent as laid down is Sec. 2902 of the Act provides for some very stringent and conformist ideas about intimating the pregnant woman regarding the consequences of her action. The provision states the abortion provider or an agent must provide to the pregnant lady with the education that after however many weeks her fetus is into gestation (provided it is more than 20 weeks), such fetus has the necessary physical structures present to feel pain and that such fetus shall feel pain irrespective of whether the pregnant lady has been given pain-averting drugs or general anesthesia. The pregnant lady is to be then given a brochure to be designed by the Department of Health and Human Services and also made to necessarily sign a decision form whereby her decision as to whether or not pain alleviating drugs shall be copeed to the fetus directly are recorded for official purposes. This step-by-step method is not only to be compulsorily followed but the provision also mentions what the abortion provider or the agent must say in such situations in as many words.45 The only exception provided to this is in case of Medical Emergencies and such situations which would fall under this exception have also been defined in the Act. As such Medical Emergencies are to me an such situations in the reasonable medical opinion of an abortion provider of imposing a serious risk of causing grave and irreversible physical health damage entailing substantial impairment of a major bodily function if abortion is delayed.46 Penalties for not advantageously following the mandates of these provisions have also been laid down in the Act itself and range from pecuniary fines to cancelling of licenses.47 The Act also grants a private right of action to the woman on whom an abortion is performed in violation of the provisions of this Act or her legal guardians in case of an minor or unemancipated woman, to commence a civil action against such abortion provider who has acted recklessly or knowingly for actual and punitive damages.48If we were to adopt a simple assumption that given a choice between a procedure which would result in inflicting pain upon a fetus and another maybe more pricey procedure which might alleviate the pain a fetus may feel, most women would prefer the latter procedure. If that were to be true, then physicians would regularly administer pain relieving medicines to fetuses as a part of late term abortion procedures. However there is at present no such indication that it happens.49 Doctors however have been found to routinely providing fetal pain relief drugs quite routinely while performing in-utero surgeries.50And here lies precisely the need for a fetal legislation.To explain more elaborately, we can pinpoint the reasons for physicians not administering fetal relief medicines due to broadly three reasons. The first and very pertinent reason would be that physicians do not look at fetuses as their patients and hence do not bother themselves with the problem of alleviating their pain. Secondly, physicians and patients would not be willing to venture into pain relieving methods which would involve higher costs as well as some health risks associated with longer periods of sedation.51 Also because discussing fetal pain bef ore an abortion might be uncomfortable, even for a physician accustomed to having conversations about sensitive matters with patients, as such abortion has as its purpose the destruction of the fetus, and physicians naturally prefer to discuss matters that patients find reassuring, the default arrangement seems to be that physicians provide no information on fetal pain or fetal pain relief.Thirdly and perhaps a disconnected reason from the other two at that, is the fact that most women did not have enough awareness to realize that there is a possibility, albeit a minor one, that the fetus she is aborting might feel pain during the procedure, much less asking for means to alleviate that pain. However if perhaps women could be provided with the required information that their fetuses may and in all probability do suffer fetal pain while undergoing abortion52, then they would in most circumstances be persuaded to administer drugs to the fetus. This is assuming that such women would not be indifferent as to whether their fetuses feel pain or not. This would in fact be in line with the testimony of most women who opted for late-term abortions saying that they had to opt for a tragic end to much wanted pregnancies due to other considerations.53 Even with such factors for women to want administration of pain relieving drugs to the fetus, it has been suggested that they might not be in a position to actively seek out information about the issue of fetal pain, care in mind that they have innumerable such considerations clamoring for attention in their minds.54 Thus legislation requiring the abortion providers to necessarily supply pregnant women of such information and seek their informed consent to administer pain alleviating drugs might right the current skew in the society.B. HOW THE LEGISLATION COULD PASS CONSTITUTIONAL