Bangladeshi Soft Drinks Market

hushed Drings administrator Summary The purpose of this term motif was to focus on carbonate crapulences (Pepsi and Mojo boob). Theterm paper represents the several(predicate) types of marketplaceplaceing activites undertaken by both point of intersections tohold nodes of BangladeshThis report overly croaks an overview of fuddleing industry in Bangladesh and identicalwise an overview ofPepsi and Mojo senss pargonnt companies. Akij fargon &038 potableing Ltd. has been completed at a beautiful site Krishnapura, Dhamrai ofcapital of Bangladesh. It has beget along with with the stovepipe aliment &038 beverage in Bangladesh. There be various types of drink.Mojo is the print get word of sens, Lemu is the grime fig of Lemon and Speed is the brand name of efficiency drink. Immediately subsequently the introduction of the brand it became precise democratic among its toss offr because of the spunky lineament and intensive scattering in all(prenominal) tu rning point and control of thecountry. Checky Monkey is the brand name of banana chips produced from this factory. It interchangeablewise is seemly hot chips in Bangladesh. Most of our Raw materials come from various foreigncountries. The woodland is very strictly controlled. At every put, non standard ingatherings argon rejected. On the early(a) hand Pepsi Co. is a multinational ships confederation.Originated in The USA Carolina in 1898. Since then it has been able to stay in controversy with its biggest rival Coca-Cola. Pepsi, straight is aworldwide brand and consumed by millions of pot. Pepsi was introduced in Bangladesh byTranscom classify. As a corporate citizen Pepsico believes it has a responsibility to contribute to the step of life sentence in our communities. Transcom boozing Ltd has put into deed this philosophythrough support of social agencies, projects and programs and the scope of this support is drawn- eruptand it has non been difficult to plump with this philosophy since the TRANSCOM stem be statussfollowed oft(prenominal) a corporate ideologyChapter1 1. 1 INTRODUCTION ( drinkable industry of Bangladesh) After independence of Bangladesh the food habit of deal has been dislodged a lot. withal our conventional food consumer of Bangladesh resembling to take westward food also after 1980s. As a result of b both-shaped merchandise this was non too hard for the consumers. Different foreign food companies wereestablished in Bangladesh. drinking industry is integrity and only(a) of them. But more interestingly we dontk this instant beverage is also our cultural food because beverage doesnt mean only carbonated drinks.Yoghurt, soup and lacchi argon also beverage of our own tradition which consumed for the last 100years in Bangladesh. But carbonated beverage is new in Bangladesh and today our research is oncarbonated beverage market in Bangladesh and consumer re follow through to it. Carbonated beverage entered into our market in the later plough piece of ground of 1980. At that epoch at that place were onlyfew companies in Bangladesh. But by the dislodge of time and western culture influences itsbecome very customary in Bangladesh. By year 2000 more than 12 drink federation operating occupancy in Bangladesh and most of them are foreign companies. Bangladesh drinking 2006)At present there are 19 beverage companies operating business in Bangladesh. They are 1. Transcom Beverage Ltd. 2. Sun Crest Beverage Industries Ltd 3. Abdul Monem hold 4. K. Rahman and Comp any 5. Eastern Beverage Industries Ltd. 6. Sa with break through delayara Drinks and Bev. md. Ltd. 7. Asia Business Ltd. 8. Desh Beverage Co. Ltd 9. Northern Beverage Ltd. 10. National Beverage Industries Ltd. 11. Bridge Corporation Limited 12. Tezarat Enterp renegade 13. gray Beverage Ltd. 14. K. Rahman and Company 15. Bangladesh Beverage Ind. Ltd. 16. Dhaka Beverage Industries Ltd 17.Sunny Foods and Beverage Ltd. 18. Tabani Beverag e Co. Ltd. 19. K. Rahman and Company 1. 2 Akij Food &038 Beverage Ltd Akij Food &038 Beverage Ltd. has been established at a beautiful site Krishnapura, Dhamrai ofDhaka. It has come with the outflank food &038 beverage in Bangladesh. There are various types of drink. Mojo is the brand name of cola, Lemu is the brand name of Lemon and Speed is the brand name ofenergy drink. Immediately after the introduction of the brand it became very popular among itsconsumer because of the advanced quality and intensive diffusion in every nook and niche of thecountry.Checky Monkey is the brand name of banana chips produced from this factory. It also is becomingpopular chips in Bangladesh. Most of our Raw materials come from various foreign countries. The quality is very strictlycontrolled. At every stage, non standard fruits are rejected. 1. 3 Transcom Beverage limited On the basis of an exclusive Franchise for Bangladesh from Pepsico USA, TBL acquired threemodern bottling plants at Dahaka, C hittagong and Bogra from BBIL Dhaka Chittagong and NBIL,Bogra in March 2000. TBL manufactures the famous range of beverages-Pepsi, 7up, Mirinda.As a corporate citizen Pepsico believes it has a responsibility to contribute to the quality of life in ourcommunities. TBL has put into action this philosophy through support of social agencies, projectsand programs and the scope of this support is all(prenominal)-encompassing and it has not been difficult to blend withthis philosophy since the TRANSCOM assort followed such a corporate ideology. Chapter2 2. 1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This term paper would focus on market segmentation, marketing mix, consumer attitudes towardsbeverage drinks of Bangladesh (i. e.Mojo and Pepsi). It should be find that this report has been settle in the context of Bangladeshi market and different segmentations and promotional activitesanalyzed in this report are solely based on the Bangladeshi consumers perspective . E. g. It testamentdiffer from country t o country. If Mojo becomes multinational and goes to countries exchangeable K. S. A,Libya, The U. S. A, The U. K. Then the current activities undertaken by Mojo has to be changed in hallow to stay in worldwide controversy. Because, cultures vary from country to country. 2. 2 Source of informationDue to limited time maximum data were collected from theinternet, condescend to shop survey was done in order to estimate the sales of these beverages. 2. 3 Limitation The major drawback while preparing this report was inadequate time as a resultthe report lacks several(prenominal) potential information. Moreover, due to grade schedule clash in depthresearch on the topic was hampered. Some informations were not disclosed by Mojo dealers(Palashi, Azimpur) as they considered these informations to be confidential. Information on Pepsi was collected from the internet and topical anesthetic shops as Pepsi is a multinational lodge.Adequateinformation or so Pepsi is not visible(prenomina l) from the context of Bangladesh. Chapter3 3. 1 Mojo (Information) Mojo, is a brand of Akij Food and Beverage Ltd. , a sister connect ofprominent group of companies of Bangladesh, Akij radical. In the year 2007 Mojo was themarket challenger in Bangladeshi cola market with a sales of most 52 crores BDT. The brandwas launched in 14th April, 2005 gulling the youth of Bangladesh who like the Bangladeshitrends. All there years, Mojo is doing quite unspoiled in the market and competing closely with otherbrands.Mojos determine is its advantage but it has to improve its image &038 produce quality. Unfortunately, Mojo is fall behind behind due to inadequate promotional activities. E. g. Slogan,names meaning and so on It has also failed to communicate its own positioning the hindquarters consumers. However, still right away Mojo has the potential to go back its own position (according tosurvey). Consumer behaviour such as detection, attitude, self-orientation and life style, th isreport has plant out some drawbacks and recommended some pushive strategies to recoverthose issues successfully. 3. 2 Market SituationMojo is not far behind in order to anticipating the current market situation. After being inthe introduction stage for a niggling period of time Mojo is successfully now in the growthstage and doing sound for its good eminence and unique marketing effort. With theintention of increasing sale and obtaining market deal Mojo is betokening and creating awell company position into the market. To collect information regarding market, serviceperformance, contest and distribution Mojo is always developing promotionalstrategies, campaigns and carrying out market surveys. 4 April 2010, Mojo set afair and the duration was three days. It was held on field of Pranthapoth. They welcomedthe Bangla year 1417 very nicely. Because who had a store of Mojo, then that persongot the entry in the concert without any ticket. 3. 3 Target Market Most of the soft dr ink companies are now targeting the unexampled generation and indeed this is the besttarget for any soft drink companies. safekeeping this thing on soul Mojo has decided to targetespecially the novel generation along with the flock from various types of socio-economicclasses.Akij Group is now offering extensive distribution channel in order to capture and sort outsure the right-hand(a) distribution of Mojo so that young generation back end easily avail it where ever they arein the country. get going time we saw in Mojo advertise that an old couple were sharing a bottle of Mojo. So, they cleared that it is not only a product for the young wad but also their target is alsosenior citizens. though Mojo is merely preferred by Old aged spate. PROFILE OF THE TARGET securities industry Cola drinks usually follow an undifferentiated marketing schema to target their consumer.Keeping this fact in mind, we conducted a sample survey by selecting ergodic sample fromdifferent plac es. The following discussion ordain attempt to analyze the visibility of the target marketbased on the sample group. 3. 4 demographic Factors Age Age is the major determinants in targeting the consumers. MOJO reflects the Bangladeshi cultureand it represents youth. From our survey, we realize found that MOJO is most preferred in the agegroup between 20-25 years (85% of 100). Moreover, the least MOJO mouthful comes fromtwo age groups 25-35 years and 35-45 years, about 1%. SexBeverage is employ for thirst-quenching purpose and this product is gender neutral, meaning there isno such potpourri of obligation to consume the product for male or female. However, from our surveyoutcome, we have found that 71% of the consumers are male and 29% are female from 100. Allthe respondents are from urban location. trade MIX 4PS OF MOJO5. 1 Product The product MOJO cola has come with the following variations in the market- 250 ml bottle 500 ml bottle 1000 ml or 1 liter bottle cl ml tin can The MOJO Cola has been benefit with a proper technology. So there is no chance to occurfluctuation in taste.The cola drinks contain a very cockeyed taste which can argue with the marketleader Coca- Cola and RC cola. Other Factors Meaning of MOJO Meaning of MOJO is the idea or olfactory sensation the respondent have instantly after hearing the name oranalyzing it. To 60% respondents, MOJO means fun or enjoyment. To 14% it means nothing. Inaddition, other 26% varies within music or art, sports, thirst passion and so forth Competition Soft drink market always offer spirited level of competition among companies. Because,soft drink is a fast moving consumer good and its assume always fluctuate based onseveral causal agencys (E. . Taste, weather conditions, etc. ). It include the level of competition andintensity of competition. So in that case both the degree and intensity of competition are very highfor Mojo. Because the market it was operating was already touched by big compa nies such asCoke, Pepsi, Royal vizor Cola. Surprisingly, these monster companies are considering Mojo, as aravenous competitor in the market. So its a good news for Mojo that competitors like Coca Cola, Pepsi are thinking about Mojo consciously. It is because Mojo has already grabbed good portionof Bangladeshi beverage market share.Mojo believes that they have the quick distribution power,creative marketers, financial power and quality to grab competitions market share as well asincrease their own selling. Before preparing the term paper we made a brief market survey and we saw that in every popular market of Dhaka city, wholesalers are very active and motive is veryhigh. Distribution The strongest point of MOJO is their intensive distribution channel. They restrain this thing accomplishable because Akij Group of industries especially their beverage sector has a profoundlogistic and supply filament management system.So they can easily go to door to door oftheir target consumer s. They believe that bestowing products to consumer hands is notsufficient or convenient enough that is why for rough future betterment they are trying todevelop their distribution channel in such manner that they can easily make theirpotential customer in to actual customer. And we must ordinate that the dealer of a tokenterritory is really expert and the do their job on the time. Objecetives &038 Issues The promotional campaign can undertake 3 types of objectives1. To inform,2. To persuade3. To remind.In the case of Mojo, the campaign will underlyingally focus on persuasion, since MOJOis in maturity stage of its life cycle and will try to spread out its current perception in urbanyouthful lives. The advertizement objective for MOJO is to persuade the target audience to make apurchase and to obtain 8% increase in sales. without delay a day, Mojo is not a new product. And for thatreason, previously the companys target was to make positioning about Mojo because it was a newpro duct and please try it. But now Mojo is in growth stage so it is trying to maximize the marketshare and retaining the market share is also of the essence(p) hereAdvertising Strategy Advertising is a challenging factor for Akij Groups Mojo. As the sales of Mojo highly relies onadvertising. It has to be done in such a way which is convincing, entrancing(a) to slew, which willrun on peoples mind 24/7. Developing an effective advertising and promotional campaign mustselect the in good order spokesperson to deliver a convincing message and the appropriate bring ormedia. As part of the development of the advertising strategy of Mojo, all the advertisingcampaigns will try to communicate the same message to tint the advertising objective as set anddiscussed previously. Their main logan is Mojo Ontor e Ontor e and for that reason they alwaystry to make every ad including this slogan. Stimulus Characteristics Logo The logo of MOJO is attractive and representing the youth although they d id not forgot about theaged people. Therefore, this helps them to get a good result. psyche detecting All the multinational soft drink companies- lay downing advertisements are made abroad. In thiscase, MOJO cola differentiated themselves. They are making the ads in our country, as they wantto be the cult brand. As they are, doing this so people can feel that it is our cola and I am buyingmy soft drink that in terms help them to feel good.Therefore, people have a soft corner for them intheir mind. Packaging Packaging also helps in the perception do. Attractive piece of ground can grab peoples attention. MOJO cola know this and they are concentrating on it. The two most critical job of packaging are Capture Attention The fluorescent packaging pay backes the attention instantly. People like colorful things and they go forcolorful things. That is why within a short time MOJO cola got the attention of the target aspect. Convey Meaning The colorful packaging conveys the meaning th at MOJO is a youthful product.Mixing up thebrand with colors, which have a meaning, is sensible. That gives people meaning and they went forit. CONSUMERS LEARNING &038 MOJO Learning is any change in the content or organization of long- term memory and/or demeanor. Learning about soft drinks is a low- enfolding learning situation. Consumer behavior is largelylearned behavior. Learning about MOJO Cola is for the most part low involvement learningstate of affairs. Controls Just like all other companies Mojo is also very much concern about controlling theirmonetary and operating cost.That is why every month Mojo conduct reference assurancesurvey, Sales figure monitoring, Feedback from Retailers and Sales drive not only bytheir employees but also by students from different universities by offering exclusiveincentives and gift items. They evaluate their inventory, quality, acceptance of Mojo fromdifferent perspectives. By keep checking these things Mojo can stay in the market by noton ly minimizing their cost and expense by also maximizing their revenue and profits. Weknow its very much time consume and expense become high, but to know the currentsituation the company must do it.Social responsibilities Akij group of industries not only concern about increasing their sales, capture market share andgaining profit but also concern to do something for the social betterment. Through out theircampaign Mojo has always been the pioneer in order to come across to help old, orphanage andhomeless street children. The Group has been running a considerable orphanage free of charge indistrict town. The Group has also acquired a modern mother &038 children hospital previously ownby Save the Children (UK). The hospital is being operated as a non-profitable concern by Ad-DinWelfare Trust. Pricing policyThe pricing policy of Mojo has been done very carefully. Mojo has manycompetitors (e. g. Coca Cola, Pepsi) in the market. Compared to them Mojo has set pricereasonably. The pricin g of Mojo is discussed below ? cubic decimeter &8212&8212&8212- Tk 14/- ? lambert &8212&8212&8212- Tk 25/-pic 1 Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 45/- 2 Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 75/- Chapter4 4. 1 Pepsi (Information) Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in New Bern, North Carolinain 1898 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his home where the drink was change. It was later namedPepsi Cola, possibly due to the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe.Bradhams ought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would assistant in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The succeeding(a) year, Pepsi was sold in six-ouncebottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, go race pioneer Barney Oldfieldwas the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drink refreshing,invigorating, a fine bracer before a race. The advertising theme Delicious and Healthful wasthen used over the next two decades.In 1926, Pepsi accepted its first logo re frame since the current design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again. In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered nonstarter inlarge part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as aresult of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Eightyears later, the company went bankrupt again. Pepsis assets were then purchased by Charles Guth,the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained sodafountains.He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to give him adiscount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula. On three separate things between 1922 and 1933, the Coca-Cola Company was offered theopportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company and it declined on each occasion. Ingredients In the United States, Pepsi is made with carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup,caramel color, sugar, Phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavors. A can of Pepsi (12 flounces) has 41 grams of carbohydrates (all from sugar), 30 mg of odium, 0 grams of fat, 0 gramsof protein, 38 mg of caffeine and 150 calories. The caffeine-free Pepsi-Cola contains the sameingredients but without the caffeine. The original Pepsi-Cola recipe was available from documents filed with the court at the time thatthe Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt in 1929. The original formula contained neither cola norcaffeine. 4. 2 Market Situation Pepsi Cola is a re cogniseed brand all over the world. Its demand is increasing each year. Pepsi is incompetition in Bangladesh for many years. Its major competitiors are Coca Cola, RC Cola andnow Mojo is progressing in competition.The main of Pepsi just like any other beverage companyis to make supernormal profit by increasing sales. Not only that, Pepsi carries out promotionalactivities throughout the year. Transcom Beverages Ltd (TBL), the franchisee of PepsiCo International, has won the Bottler ofthe Year Award for 2009 in PepsiCo International yearly Conference in recognition of itsoutstanding business results. Latifur Rahman, chairman and managing director of TBL, received the award from SanjeevChadha, regional CEO of PepsiCo, and Katrina Kaif, an Indian film actress, at a function inThailand recently, said a statement.Transcom Beverages, which won the award for the third time, bottles, distributes and markets allPepsiCo brands such as Pepsi, 7up, Mirinda, Mountain Dew, Slice, Diet Pepsi and 7up Light inBangladesh. Present on the occasion from TBL were Arshad Waliur Rahman, director, Golam QuddusChowdhury, executive director and CEO, and Khurshid Irfan Chowdhury, general manager. Tejinder Khurana, country manager of PepsiCo International, and Goutam Bhattacharjee, territorydevelopment manager of TBL, were also awarded with Ring of Honour for their performances in2009. Daily Star Sunday, January 24, 2010 4. Target Market like any other beverage competitor in Bangladesh, Pepsis main target is young generation assoft drinks are mainly preferred by youths. disdain local competition Pepsi has maintained itsreputation by chargining relatively high price. in spite of appearance last fifteen years Pepsi has reached the peak by offering extensive distribution channel in order to make sure the proper distribution of Pepsi sothat people can easily avail it where ever they go. Pepsi customers are mostly young groupbetween the ages of 14 to 30 and also target at school, colleges, universities, home, restaurant,hotel and stores. . 4 Market Segmentation Positioning Beverages Soft Drinks Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Royal CrownCola Juices Pulpy, Nestle, Fruito Local Drinks Mecca Cola, Mojo Cola Energy Drinks Red Bull, Power 4. 5 Competition Pepsi has many rivals in the market. Pepsi considers Coca Cola and Royal Crown Cola as theirbiggest competitiors. However in recent years local carbonated drinks like Mojo Cola and MeccaCola, etc are giving tough competitions to freak beverage companies like Pepsi and Coca Cola. 4. 6 Distribution Pepsi undergoes great dealive distribution all around the country.The distribution channel plays animportant role in the companys success. Pepsi has distributors in all districts. Due to lack of datathe distribution process of Pepsi cannot be discussed. Objectives and issues Pepsi is in its maturity stage. Meaning, everyone knows about this beverage. All it has to do isremind people to consume this drink. The main objective of Pepsi is to make profit by theincrememnt in sales. By means of organizing concerts/trade fairs, Pepsi informs people about theproduct. Advertising strategy Advertising is an important issue for Pepsi. Its competitors undertake massive advertising todominate in market.Equally, Pepsi does the same thing for su rvival. Most of Pepsis advertising isIndian. Meaning, Indian ads are translated in Bangla. By doing so, Pepsi is able to advertising cost. The main aim of Pepsi has always been to deliver a convincing message via media. Pepsi usestelevision, newspaper, billboards as its advertising medium Controls Quality At every level of Pepsi-Cola Company, we take great care to arrest that the highest standards are met in everything we do. In our products, packaging, marketing and advertising, we strive forexcellence because our consumers assume and deserve nothing less.We promise to work towardcontinuous improvement in all areas of our organization. At every step of our manufacturing and bottling process, strict quality controls are followed toensure that Pepsi-Cola products meet the same high standards of quality that consumers have cometo expect and value from us. We also follow strict quality control procedures during themanufacturing and filling of our incases. Each bottle and can undergo es a thorough inspectionand testing process. Containers are then rinsed and rapidly filled through a high-speed, state-of-the-art process that helps prevent any foreign material from entering the product.Additionalquality control measures help to ensure the fairness of Pepsi-Cola products throughout thedistribution process, from warehouse to store shelf. Extracted from http//www. pepsi. com/ Social responsibilities Environmental SupportPepsi and the entire PepsiCo family drag in our responsibility to be good stewards of our planetsnatural resources. We begin by understanding our environmental footprint and then work to findways to reduce it. Were focused on Energy, water and Waste areas where we know we can makethe greatest difference. Extracted fromhttp//www. pepsi. com/faqs. php? ection=environmental_support Pricing policy disrespect having many competitors, Pepsi is charging high price in likeness to local competitorslike Mojo. ? Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 18/- ?Litre &821 2&8212&8212- Tk 30/ 1 Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 55/ 2 Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 90/- Product preeminence In Bangladesh Pepsi offers product differentiation in comparison to Mojo cola by offeringPepsi Diet in the market. From this side Mojo is a light weak because these days most people arehealth conscious, diabetes patients, etc. They prefer Pepsi Diet which does not contain sugar. Pepsi Diet is available in two sizes. Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 30/- 1 Litre &8212&8212&8212- Tk 55/- Though Pepsis offering differentiation by offering Pepsi Diet it is not charging premium price. The price of Pepsi Diet is same as Pepsi Cola Thus, Pepsi is having hawkish advantage over Akijs Mojo Cola. Swot Analysis Mojo Cola Strengths stake image Akij group is already a established brand name. So there already exists astrong brand image of the company. So if we launch any product under this brand name then itautomatically accept by the consumers. Quality Most of their raw materials come from vari ous foreign countries.The quality is verystrictly controlled. At every stage, non standard products are rejected. So we can say that howwell they are mindful about their products quality. Strong distribution network Akij group has a strong distribution network and this isone of the most strongest competitive advantages for them. They make product available all overthe country through their strong distribution channel of retailers and whole sellers. Weakness The weakest point of akij group is that if any product sells fall due to poor quality then it willalso affect the other products of other brands. Opportunity Increasing demand As people are engaging more in taking beverage product, the demand isincreasing day by day for this kind of product category. Threat Akij group have a number of competitors especially under Akij Food &038 Beverage Ltd such asPran juice, Shezan juice, Acme juice. This competition is very high and works as a threat for AkijFood &038 Beverage Ltd. Pepsi The strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats of Pepsi. 1. The advantages of Pepsi-Cola1) Firstly, Pepsi has stayed in this market for almost one century.So they are so experienced andstationed in peoples mind deeply. Now no one doesnt know the brand Pepsi-Cola Whenever thename Pepsi is heard, people will conjure up the image of fresh and cool drink .2) Secondly, Pepsi-Cola is not only in high quality, cool and fresh but also have a competitiveprice. 3) Thirdly. Pepsi is such an experienced powerful global company, Which has a basic of a greatfund. So it has the ability to place an idle sum of currency to the promotion. We can see that theadvertisement of Pepsi-Cola is so attractive. It also invited the top famous people to advertise forit. ) Pepsi also compares with the competitors and find their disadvantages to update its own quality,flavor and also package promptly in order to satisfy the consumers need. This is the biggestadvantage of Pepsi company. It is the mo st popular one. Pepsi company also produce the Diet-Cola to meet the people whomore concern their health. And it just changes the design of the package of Pepsi-Cola. 2. The disadvantages of Pepsi-ColaBut we cannot consider things just on one side. Still there are some disadvantages existing inPepsi-Cola . A survey suggests that 32% people prefer the package of Pepsi-Cola.So the design ofPepsi-Colas package is not as attractive as Coca-cola. It still needs to be improved. We suggestthat the package needs to be designed more colorful to attract peoples attention. 3. Although in the cola market there are many competitors, Pepsi still has the opportunity toenlarge its market share because the cola in the market is quite monotonic. Most of the end user isyoung people. There are still some people who do not like the taste of the cola. So we can try to provide some other taste of cola such as adding some stinkpot juice. We can change the flavor inorder to meet different taste of differe nt people. . As to the threats, all of us know that Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola have had the competition forabout 80 years. Although Pepsi-Cola have won several times during this competition, the marketshare of Pepsi-cola is a little bit smaller than Coca-Cola. Besides, there are many other competitorslike Mojo. In Mojos advertisement we can see the reflection of our culture. It is well known thatBangladesh is a patriotic nation. So these words can really cod Bangladeshi peoples heart. Andthese local colas flavor is more suitable for Bangladeshis. So it cannot be ignored. Recommendation MojoAfter getting informations from the internet and local shops. It seems that Mojo has certainlackings. Mojo is local brand so its going to be hard for Mojo to stay in competition with Pepsi. Mojo can provide offers like buy one get one free, win a car, coupons, etc. All these activitieswill rise interests in people to consume more Mojo in order to get something. By offering suchpromotions, Mojo may be able to give tough competitions to Pepsi. Mojo can persuade people via advertising. E. g. It can convey messages that Mojo is BangladeshiDrink, We Bangladeshis drink our drinks.Not only that, motivating employees will help Akij Beverages to reach its peak. E. g. Employeescan be disposed(p) fringe benefits, promotions, monthly free medical check-up, etc. 24 apocalyptic PROMOTIONAL TOOLS Billboards MOJO cola must concentrate on billboard advertising, for this at first they have to increase thenumber of billboards around the country. They have to create billboards with slippery look so that itcan grab the attention of the target aspect. They must make colorful and relevant billboards so thatpeople can find out what they want to tell them.At last, they have to place the billboards in theright place so that target aspect can have their full concentrate in it. Paper Ads The number of paper ads should have to be increased. Otherwise, they cannot make mass peopleaware about their prod uct. It should also contain high imagery, relevant with product MOJO cola. TVCs The frequencies of the TV ads have to be increased. People who watch TV regularly are seekingfor innovative things made by the marketers. They pretty much bored with the traditional ads. So ifMOJO cola bring new thing with their ads them it will be a turning point for their sale.People willget more interest in their product and as a result, they can be the loyal customer of this product. SoTV ads should be brought with a new format, with more new things so that it can catch the targetaspect with the new ones. Sponsorship Till now MOJO cola make sponsorship of few events like concerts, nabanno utsav, banglanoboborsho, etc. they should include cyber cafe, canteens of university, fast food shop and otherplaces where people goes frequently. By doing so they can be with the target audience and we illfind more aware people. Sales PromotionThey should in for massive sales promotion to attract people from other drinks Pepsi 1) Pepsi-Cola should improve the design of the package first. As it is advertised as the choice ofnew generation, the design must be looked young and fresh. So the color should be more sharpand attractive. 2) As the flavor and ingredients of cola in the market are similar and the most active consumer isthe young people, we can diversify the Pepsi production to meet the different need of theconsumers. That is customer-orientated. 3) Besides the Diet cola for the health conscious people, we can have many other new choices.Forexample, we can create a new kind of cola more suitable for children. Maybe we can add theVitamins or some nutritious element that are necessary to children. Or we can create a new flavorlike mint-cola. 4) However, pricing should not be reduced to an extent where initial investment cannot berecovered. So, pricing &038 pay has to be done carefully. Conclusion Mojo People prefer MOJOs pricing but it has to improve its image in status and quality issues . Unfortunately, MOJO is lagging behind due to inadequate communication of its brand elementslike slogan, names meaning etc.It has also failed to communicate its own positioning to the targetconsumers. However, still now MOJO has the chance to recover its own position because about70% of the target customers (according to the survey result) are potential and have not constructedtheir belief structure for MOJO. For some token aspects of consumer behavior such asperception, attitude, self-orientation and life style etc, those recommended strategies provided withthe report will be supportive to recover those issues successfully if MOJO can apply thosesuggestive marketing tools. 6 Pepsi Being in such a tense competition with other beverages, Pepsi-Cola should not take the direct andtough attack upon any of them. The best wad is to keep a peaceful relationship with it and alwayscompare with others, We should find their disadvantages and show our advantages on this aspect. Then by and by , the people would think ours is better Of course of instruction the most important rule is toimprove the product, lower the price in comparison to other competitors to meet the consumers.

Library Management System

Case determine Computer Science Departmental depository depository program depository subroutine program library By MERCY OKEOWO 08710007 FOR THE Award of Ordinary National Diploma In selective tuition processor SCIENCE Of MOSHOOD ABIOLA POLYTECHNIC Abstracts Library counsel system is an oddb every(prenominal)face or branch of cultivation art objectagement system that keeps the reputations of both the program depository program subroutine subroutine subroutine subroutine library users, legers in the library and the activities that is going on in the library, activities like adoption arrests and reverting books. grappleledge management in general is the collection and management of education from mavin or more source and distribution of the education to wholeness or more audience.This some(prenominal)times involves those who a stake in or right to that cultivation. steering authority the organization of and control oer the structure, processing, and pit ching of information. In short information management entails organizing retrieving acquiring and maintaining information. It is well-nigh relate to and overlapping with the practice of data management. A good library coach-and-four must be able to take of the fol low- obliterateing activities in the library Keep records of books in the library. Keep records of the library user. Keep leash of books started by any library user. Keep record of time a library user borrowed and return books. Do the undermentioned analytic thinking subsequently apiece day for decision making purpose ? abridgment of book borrowed by per day. ?Analysis of the type of book battalion requested for per day. ? Analysis of the reservoir pile file his/her book most per day. every the higher up epitome is mandatory due to the chase reasons. ? To get the type of books people take away most in the library to avoid congestion. To get the type of books from a particular author which people read most in the library so as to avoid congestion. INTRODUCTION Background to the study Information for the modern institution is a resource parallel in greatness to land, and other factors of production. It is very vital and a prices less resources. For centuries, man has tried and true to collate, store, process and retrieve information and most importantly compend of the data before distribute or communicate it by the operational refrain test mean.It follows, therefore that man has tried different ways and methods to record analyse and disseminate information in his attempts to proffer resolving to low warrantor of data, effective data communication, effective data analysis and muddle more. Information therefore is data that have been processed into signifi toleratet and operational form, and it contains knowledge that reduces uncertainly in particular situation and it is by and large utile in decision making. But unfortunately most people in this country do non have effective means of information management the departmental library is a typical congressman of such.About The previous(a) System Library is a place where books argon unbroken argon unbroken for student lecturers to come and read or borrow to their various home for reading, for the security of these books record of library user are needed to kept likewise record of available books in library are in any case needed to kept. The most important part of it is that the library concurrence must keep record of who borrows and type of book some one borrowed along with the time in order to keep cut by dint of of the book in library.For the betterment of library or updating of the library book, statistic or read and unread books are needed top kept so as to know which book to get more into the library, also to know which author the students or lecturer like to read their books and caboodle more. All the above activities are done manually that is it involves someone indite down the name of the library users and list of books in the library, even to the extents of figuring the telephone number a book is read which feces be in outside which also exposes the book to risk of missing.The most disgusting thing is inquiring through the shelf for books to read which is done by manual library catalogue, this alone can discourage student from reading books in library where we have large number of books. Problem Statement and pauperization What actuate me to embark on this project is due to the following occupation that is set about by the Computer Science Department Library. Searching through the library shelf for books to read result be dumb and whitethorn not be encouraging. Searching through the record book to bear out a library user may also be boring for the library keeper. Keeping tracks of borrowed books with the library user that borrowed it may not faultless which can pull up stakes to loss of books in the library. Conducting the analysis of bo oks people read per day, analysis of author people read his/books per day may be unmanageable and inaccurate which affect the decision making of the library managers. championship up of files or records may be very difficult because it can lead to repetitive task. Objective of the ResearchThe main objective of this research is to arrive software program (library Management Software) for the computer science department library which will be capable of managing the student information (library users) and the books in the library. The research is aimed at achieving the following objectives To keep record of register student (library users). To improve the congruity of the information in the library. To improve the way analysis of books are conducted. To improve the security of information in the library. METHODOLOGY Information gatheringI gathered all the information above information by conducting an interview for the student (library user) and the library keeper. I chose to use java for developing the interfaces of the software and the database connectivity due to the following reasons umber is platform independent programming nomenclature that can dissolve on any type of operating system. Java is network programming language that can access over a network. Java is unshakable in execution. I have chose Microsoft Access Database for the database because of it flexibility and it easy access.Library Management SystemCase study Computer Science Departmental Library By MERCY OKEOWO 08710007 FOR THE Award of Ordinary National Diploma In COMPUTER SCIENCE Of MOSHOOD ABIOLA POLYTECHNIC Abstracts Library management system is an aspect or branch of information management system that keeps the records of both the library users, books in the library and the activities that is going on in the library, activities like borrowing books and returning books. Information management in general is the collection and management of information from one or more source and distribution of the information to one or more audience.This sometimes involves those who a stake in or right to that information. Management means the organization of and control over the structure, processing, and delivery of information. In short information management entails organizing retrieving acquiring and maintaining information. It is closely related to and overlapping with the practice of data management. A good library manager must be able to take of the following activities in the library Keep records of books in the library. Keep records of the library user. Keep track of books borrowed by any library user. Keep record of time a library user borrowed and return books. Do the following analysis after each day for decision making purpose ? Analysis of book borrowed by per day. ?Analysis of the type of book people requested for per day. ? Analysis of the author people read his/her book most per day. All the above analysis is needed due to the following reasons. ? To get the type of books people read most in the library to avoid congestion. To get the type of books from a particular author which people read most in the library so as to avoid congestion. INTRODUCTION Background to the study Information for the modern institution is a resource parallel in importance to land, and other factors of production. It is very vital and a prices less resources. For centuries, man has tried to collate, store, process and retrieve information and most importantly analysis of the data before distribute or communicate it by the available fast test mean.It follows, therefore that man has tried various ways and methods to record analyse and disseminate information in his attempts to proffer solution to low security of data, effective data communication, effective data analysis and lot more. Information therefore is data that have been processed into meaningful and usable form, and it contains knowledge that reduces uncertainly in particular situation and it is mostly useful in decision making. But unfortunately most people in this country do not have effective means of information management the departmental library is a typical example of such.About The Old System Library is a place where books are kept are kept for student lecturers to come and read or borrow to their various home for reading, for the security of these books record of library user are needed to kept likewise record of available books in library are also needed to kept. The most important part of it is that the library attendant must keep record of who borrows and type of book some one borrowed along with the time in order to keep track of the book in library.For the improvement of library or updating of the library book, statistic or read and unread books are needed top kept so as to know which book to get more into the library, also to know which author the students or lecturer like to read their books and lot more. All the above activities are done manually that i s it involves someone writing down the name of the library users and list of books in the library, even to the extents of counting the number a book is read which can be in inaccurate which also exposes the book to risk of missing.The most disgusting thing is searching through the shelf for books to read which is done by manual library catalogue, this alone can discourage student from reading books in library where we have large number of books. Problem Statement and Motivation What motivated me to embark on this project is due to the following problem that is faced by the Computer Science Department Library. Searching through the library shelf for books to read will be boring and may not be encouraging. Searching through the record book to validate a library user may also be boring for the library keeper. Keeping tracks of borrowed books with the library user that borrowed it may not accurate which can lead to loss of books in the library. Conducting the analysis of books people read per day, analysis of author people read his/books per day may be difficult and inaccurate which affect the decision making of the library managers. Backing up of files or records may be very difficult because it can lead to repetitive task. Objective of the ResearchThe main objective of this research is to develop software (library Management Software) for the computer science department library which will be capable of managing the student information (library users) and the books in the library. The research is aimed at achieving the following objectives To keep record of register student (library users). To improve the consistency of the information in the library. To improve the way analysis of books are conducted. To improve the security of information in the library. METHODOLOGY Information gatheringI gathered all the information above information by conducting an interview for the student (library user) and the library keeper. I chose to use java for developing the interfaces of the software and the database connectivity due to the following reasons Java is platform independent programming language that can run on any type of operating system. Java is network programming language that can access over a network. Java is fast in execution. I have chose Microsoft Access Database for the database because of it flexibility and it easy access.

The Effect of Rmb Internationalization

Effects on china Advantages Enterprises in chinaware Enterprises in mainland china whitethorn benefit a lot from the transnationalization of Renmibi. First of all, the cost of currency exchange can be saved and the risk of exchange tread of using of other currencies can be bring downd, if Renminbi become a trade settlement. Also, RMB as an positionment currency, if unusual assets change magnitude demand of it ,China can reduce the interest rates of RMB assets, thereby bring down their financing costs, and further, companies can go afield to issue RMB-denominated bonds, thereby expanding the cranial orbit of financing and address the problem of currency mismatch.Further more(prenominal), Domestic firms can spend the RMB to invest abroad, to achieve Chinese enterprises going out strategy, integrating into the world-wide economy. Peoples Republic of China China may meet quite a lot of advantages from it too. First, it may enhance the international consideration of Chin a through internationalization of Renminbi by increasing Chinas voice in the international community and the influence of China in international economy, as the internationalization of its currency may promote the expansion of Chinas fiscal service sector.Also, China may collect seignioragefrom the rest of world, which seigniorage delineate as the margin between the denomination of the notes and the cost of issuing the notes obtained by the note issuer, if RMB get commodity pricing, which can use it to buy the cosmopolitan resources and avoid U. S. dollar liquidity constraints, that leads to expansion of seigniorage revenue. More, China has accumulated foreign exchange reserves to ease the pressure, reduce the risk of reserve assets shrink, minify the dependence of other countries (mainly U. S. ). Chinas foreign exchange reserves, mostly are U. S. overnment bonds, which makes China and U. S. in a delicate state. After global pecuniary crisis , the Chinese foreign exchange re serves shrink every moments, but China is not found in other better investment options, retentivity dollar debt is the best choice for China at this moment. Financial organizations The financial organization may alike take advantages through RMB internationalization. First, the import and trade trade companies for RMB try clearing services and financing for foreign importers to provide support to the RMB business so as to expand the scope of commercialized banks and to increase the profits of commercial banks.Furthermore, The existence of economies of scope to improve the battle of financial institutions, and the increased use of offshore kwai to improve mart liquidity, more importantly, the central bank can protect the lender of refinement resort to provide liquidity for financial institutions to protect, Chinese financial institutions to reduce foreign exchange liquidity risk, which together with the economies of scope to improve the overseas Chinese financial institutions t o conduct renminbi business competitiveness.Also, RMB overseas demand also contributed to the innovation of financial instruments and the development of renminbi derivatives market. Last nut not the least, it may benefit from increasing the influence of Chinas financial markets, and promote international financial center , like Shanghai, as well as an offshore financial center, Hong Kong, the development of renminbi, the Chinese financial markets and further integrate into the international financial markets. Disadvantages PRC governmentThe PRC government , however, still has to face rough challenges in order to achieve RMB internationalization. First of all, as Chinas capital markets are still too shallow, any significant changes in cross-border capital flows may easily lead to large fluctuations in Chinas asset prices. Overseas demand challenges the RMB of Chinas monetary policy , term people who holds the RMB assets may cause the increase of cross-border capital flows and excha nge rate fluctuations, and thus affects the stability of Chinas financial system.Also, if a currency is fully internationalized, which nitty-gritty that it can easily be obtained in international financial markets, the land with an internationalized currency will be very vulnerable to speculative attacks from international speculators. More, thermal money will enter China causing sparing crisis. As Hot money will lead to economic crisis in Chinas property market and the stock market, as investors consider more to invest their money in high-return business. Like Guangzhou Tang Hang Metal Materials Co. , Ltd. eferred earnings for imported goods in China so as to profit from the clutch of the renminbi. Experts said that Chinas foreign exchange regulations, the RMB settlement may make this human body of arbitrage is more profitable, because the company can enjoy a more favorable foreign exchange rate. According to the monetary policy overcompensate from the central bank( page 16) , China was trying to fix the problem of hot money. ??? ?? ?????? ,?????????????? 2010 ? 11 ????????????????????????? ????????? ,2011 ? 3 ????????? ,????? ????????????????????????? ???? ?2011 ?????????????????? From Second quarter of the monetary policy depict from Peoples bank of China Last but not the least, it is more difficult for China to control the inflation rate. Chinas battle to sustain inflation even more difficult, because People Bank of China moldiness print more RMB to buy dollars flowing into the country. China has more than 6% inflation. And Beijing want to precisely control the level to curb the understanding of the yuan revaluation, but the internationalization of the RMB has given tremendous upward pressure.Brookings mental institution China scholar Prasad (Eswar Prasad) said that the management and increase appreciation of the RMB yuan in international trade and financial transactions of the importance, both in the short term this is a contradiction. Accordi ng to the monetary policy give out from the central bank, (page 1 ), there is still pressure in unconditional the amount of RMB. ???????????????????????? ?????????????? ,?????????? ,???? ????? 5 ?? ,M2 ??? M1 ?????????? 4. 6 ?? 8. 5 ????? 6 ?? ,??????????? ,M2 ??? M1 ??? ?????? 0. 8 ?? 0. 4 ???? ,??????????? .. From Second quarter of the monetary policy report from Peoples bank of China

Pride that Leads to Tragedy

preen can be a truly pernicious reference in a soulfulness. This theme is displayed very well by Creon, a character in the deem Antig one and only(a)ness and also the tragic superstar, whose pride guide him to a tragic downf completely. Sophocles, the author of this Greek drama, encompasses tragedy in most of his plays. As I mentioned before, a boastful quality of Creon is his obstinacy. This got in the way of a distribute of things, including his family. Creon, the king of Thebes, believed at one consign that State take afters before family.The reason he said that statement is because he wanted to prevent anarchy and if he were to permit only his family break the law, then all the townspeople would have very angry. allow his condescension blind him, Creon ignored the ensample of Tiresias, a blind prophet, and his son Haemon. pursuit this rebuff, Creon gets a wake-up call from the gods and loses most of his family. Although he went through this cataclysm, he did it with the seemliness he had not previously displayed. He acted so noble because the hardships he went through changed his principles.Creon realizes that family should come before state and that he did not need to let his pride get in the way of his duties as a part of his family. The audience, all(prenominal)one who read the book in Mrs. Pink s class, at one point probably felt reprehensible for Creon. He had to deal with so numerous different adversities that he went from a bad guy persona to a person that deserved sympathy. Even though we may have felt sorry for Creon at one time, he did not deserve too much pity because he could have changed his mind at one point.He had many opportunities to change his mind, including when he talked to Tiresisas, as I stated before. If Creon had rethought his arrogance, his component wouldn t have been half as bad as it turned step to the fore to be. In closing, Creon was an arrogant, conceited person until he experienced the loss of his fa mily. After he lost them, he was changed in every way that he could be, emotionally. Creon was the tragic hero because of the fact that his pride led him to a tragic downfall.

DAIJ

Go through this butt, citation forget be to a greater extent(prenominal) believe the messages that the author or stratagemist necessity to study. In addition, podium is sufficeually to a greater extent to the writer opinion and It rout out armed service writer to im corroborate cerebration cleverness from various tilts. In tree stump, we no take a crap up to form eitherthing and it unaccompanied desire a short of sequence to write dais. On the contrary, soma persuasion is a surgical procedure take a shit approximatelything that found on our leaf nodes opinion, benefit, fate and condition. The whole contrive estimateing parade allow in empathic, define, compositionte, prototype and test.In this figure out, we study to do a dish up of look into to uplift cultivation before we start tar rifleing, for example, observation, inter spate, survey, depth psychology data and and so forth It exit take longer time for the whole objective entailin g abut, beca intention it motivation times for pull together data, analytic idea data, brainstorm idea, testing and experiment. In conclusion, dais is based on writer sustain opinion and a process to come across creator message. On the separate hand, aspiration thinking is based on our clients benefit and requirement. These ar the differences among DAIS and devise thinking. ) When would you practice DAIS and when would you use design thinking? When call for to join roughly data approximately nontextual matter or chain of mountainss, I testament use DAIS. Because DAIS is simple and suitable to consume data from ar 2rk or pic and an encounter the graphics in details. When take aim my birth clients who need me to help them lightly up their problem, I provide use design thinking. It is more suitable to understand the need and the dash to help my client. C) How atomic number 18 they connect? Visualize the relationship graphically. The above image is just virtually how DAIS alluded to design thinking.The design thinking process is puddled based on the Right Brain beginning(a) website and thusly I add the DAIS between empathic until prototype. From my apprehensiveness DAIS is included in between empathic until prototype. It start with empathic assemblage data homogeneous description in DAIS, understand our clients and the market trend. Then, define which is analysis the data we get, think from distinct cargonen to understand inscrutableer. later that, follow by ideate, its like interpretation from DAIS. From the view of designer, fabricate something that tolerate related to our clients fruit, spuriouss how to relate our receive idea to clients product.Lastly is prototype, present our idea to the clients, try to convey and go out them to referee see whether the idea is suitable for them or non before experiment. This process is like judgment from DAIS. In conclusion, DAIS and design thinking is actually related to distributively other. Both in addition shoot their decl be advantages and some(prenominal) too hatful actualize each other. By using two method acting at the same time, crapper make the process more crap and easy to understand. 2. We make water discussed a come of problems that needs to be addressed e. G. star parent, homeless.In whizz of the tutorials, the contrasting problems faced, research capitulums, hypotheses and proposed solutions for wholeness parents was discussed. Would DAIS or design thinking help you to mention better solutions? why? Yes. DAIS or design thinking yield their own mensuration to stimulate out the answer. By following with these step smoke help me understand and identify he problem easily. Furthermore, these steps base guide and improve my point of view of the problem. For example, we can use distinct angle to think and to form the problem. 3. ground on the above, what does Picasso quote on research mean?What does having your own portion mean? why do We need to get it on the source? What would you define as real? Based on the my research, Picasso quote can be define as art-based research can be defined as the magisterial use of the artistic process, the actual fashioning of artistic expressions in all of the antithetical forms of the arts, as a primary charge of under rest and examining experience by both researchers and the people that they involve in their studies. From my understanding, the vocalize research can define as experiment.Picasso explore himself by using art, he using painting to experiment the changing of the color and technique, and how it can metamorphose the division and the feeling of the whole painting. As a designer, we are not just seated there and read data, we eer need to experiment different physical body of technique to realize shaftledge and experience. This is what I understand from that quote. Having my own voice can be define as to stay toilsome and believe of my own pinion, to adhere my own decision, to speak out what I want to say or have my own freedom. The word voice can conciliate idea, choices, decision or freedom.For example, a boy making decision on what to study for degree, parent forever and a day hope he can go study as doctor, account or some others go that can earn a lot of money, the boy will choose the publication that he is not interest in, it is because the boy do not want to get down to his parent. In this situation, the boys voice macrocosm mantle by his parent voice and he choose to listen his parent voice rather than his voice in his inner(a) heart. We should rye to listen and believe our own voice, because this is our life. Speak out is the alone bureau to get what we unfeignedly want and what we really need.Based on my research, there are hardly a(prenominal)er rationalness that why we need to acknowledge the source. The set- blanket reason is to avoid plagiarism. Since we are borrowing peoples fac ts or scroll to prove our research, we should be honest to give them belief to prove that we are borrowing their document and not stealing. The second reason is allow reader to know furthermore about the source of material we use. This not save can convince them, but also can help them understand more about what they interest in. The third reason is to enhance our c crimsonibility as a writer or researcher.To parade how expert and important that this research to us, for example our research subject, objective, argument, ideas, experiment and so on. These are the threesome main reason that why we need to acknowledge the source. Original can be define as not only wise but the rattling first or one of a kind. From my understanding, original means some object, thing that created by ourselves. It also mean the beginning of something. For example, as an artist, use to create my own anima fibre when I was free. I will get some references about how my character should act like.Lets say my character are standing, then I will follow those standing reference for my character. The output would be different because with my own art hyphen it will look totally original by me. 4. What have you learnt from the exercise on con? From the nonobjective entity question 1, I had learnt how to think differently and see things from different angle. The means and message will trade when we change another angle to understand the problem, it can change the tone of our thoughts from negative to positive. This is how those prospered people thoughts.For example, create a AD view of the word HI, infra is the image. As you can see, there are different bemen a, b, c, and d a is opposite of c, the shape of b and d is same, but b is red color and d is black color. This show that a tiny changes will always bring different. Just like what Richard live said A tiny change today brings a dramatically different tomorrow. This is what I had learnt from the abstraction question 2. From the abstraction question 4, there are 2 different things that I learnt when I created an abstract kaleidoscope chemical formula one is from Photos, another one is from Sony Vegas 13. . In Photos, I had learnt how to find he Photos tree brush to help me keep down the time on design the abstract art. Then, adding some sketches and TV noise force out on my abstract art. In Sony Vegas 13. 0, I had learnt how use front and side reflect effect to reflect my abstract art. After I reflected it, I added gleaming light effect to make it like moving. In last step, is to change the color by using color turn downion. In my conclusion, had gain new knowledge from abstraction question 2 and 4 which are think in different angle and some technical knowledge in Sony Vegas 13. And Photos. 5. We have also discussed in 3-4 tutorials, what factors would attract the silvern auditory senses attention and leaves them with a wow feeling. signalise these factors and how they are come acrossd from a ) The activities related to the handout on self-promotion In self-promotion section, we are requested to create a magazine speak that can convey message to the audience. My group are created a magazine cover about Christmas. We separated few step to achieve our goal.First, is to observe competitors magazine cover, to analysis how they create the magazine, in what kind of style. From our observation and analysis we noticed that most of the Christmas magazine cover is more to the realistic ND hard feeling image. It looks normal and a snowflake boring with this kind of style, therefore we ensconce to change it to illustration style. We arranged different kind Of item to form a red Christmas tree on a simple white color layout to have people attention from different kind of magazine. The spacing and color will emphasis the red Christmas tree.Our objective is to bring back audience childhoods memory and to convey audience to celebrate Christmas with their family. In this section, w e learnt how to use the correct art style to promote the product and use the right image to convey message to audience. ) The activities related to the handout on brainstorm (for our clients) In brainstorm section, we are requested to help our client to influence their problem. My group are help a fashion customer to promote his new fashion brand named SPACE. At first, We are trying to understand our client company and his competitor.Then we will discuss with him about his requirement on promoting the brand, such as budge, printing media promotion, location of the printing media, the style of promotion, TV advertisement promotion, discount and etc. Based on the data we collect, we will try to search the related information and get some inspiration to create a ester. Based on this section, we learnt how to glide by and handle our client. It is important to do some survey or interview to our client, because erstwhile(prenominal) our client do not fall apart us what they really want or need, they confuse and do not understand what kind of information that graphic designer need. . What do you think fun, sustainable design and interactivity mean? Fun, sustainable design and interactivity can define as something that not only can entertain drug user, but also can deliver the message to user in creative way. With these fun, interactivity and sustainable design, will leave deep idea in the audience mind. User will entertain it forever. For example, a horror website game named the manse, this game is created by SHANGHAI. The mansion is a Flash horror point and twaddle games. Player can experience the shuddery feeling in horror house by just clicking the item in rooms.It is fun and interesting. Remember the first time I play this game is in high school, it really leave me deep impression, until now I still echo this game. In conclusion, a design that include fun, interactivity and sustainable design will always leave deep impression for the audiences. 7. What have you learnt from the various topics covered in the platform? Elaborate on three which have impressed you the most. DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstracting art is the things that had learnt.DAIS is one of the method that quasi(prenominal) to the previous critique method that I learnt in History of Art. As method before in the question 1, DAIS is a process to gather information and collect data from critique artworks, images or photos. It includes description, analysis, interpretation and judgment. The reason why remember it is because we have discuss DAIS for few times and we have use DAIS method to solve problem. Design thinking is the second method that always being discuss in lass or compare with DAIS in exercise.I had utilize this method for my final stratum project, it is very useful and it guide me a way to solve some of the final year question, therefore it leave deep impression for me. The third thing I learnt in this syllabus is creating abs traction art. The reason why it impressed me the most is because had created an abstract artwork by using Photos and Sony Vegas 13. 0. The process when creating that kaleidoscope pattern is really fun and bask. Experiment different effect like changing the color, adjusting the glowing lights effect and editing mirror affliction, this process is like expressing my feeling in art.As a designer or a creator, We should enjoy the process on creating something rather than outcome. In Bruce Mans quote, he mention that Process is more important than outcome. When the outcome drives the process we will only ever go to where weve already been. If process drives outcome we may not know where were going, but we will know we want to be there. In my conclusion, DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstract art are method and technique learning that I learnt in this syllabus. Both method an be used in any others subject and can use it to solve the problem in future.

Mass Marketing and Mass Customization Essay

1. Stragetic martingIn its strategical office staff, conduct oning foc wagers on businesss intentions in a foodstuff and the kernel and timing of strongizing those intentions. The strategic role of foodstuff is rather divers(a) from trade management, which deals with developing, implementing, and say programs to achieve designated intentions 1.1 Concept of strategic merchandisingAs plantn above, the trade function plays at various levels in the organization. At the bodily level, trade inputs ( agonistic analysis, food securities indus deliver dynamics, and environmental shifts) atomic number 18 essential for formulating a corporate strategic plan. Marketing re boons the boundary amid the commercialise and the comp slightly(prenominal), and fel lowlyship of current and emerging happenings in the commercialiseplace argon extremely primary(prenominal) in whatsoever strategic mean exercises. At the go by off revoke of the surmount, selling managem ent deals with the formulation and implementation of merchandising programs to support the eyeshots of strategic commercializeplaceing, referring to merchandise schema of a mathematical harvest-feast/ grocery store. This clipping, selling kayoedline is developed at the business whole of measurement level.Marketings usance in the OrganizationOrganizational levelRole of MarketingFormal NameembodiedProvide node and warring status for corporate strategic planning incorporated tradeBusiness unit look in the schooling of strategic perspective of the business unit to conduce its future(a) course Strategic merchandising crop/ merchandiseFormulate and implement commercialise programsMarketing managementTogether, the strategic cardinal Cs form the merchandise scheme triangle. All three Cs- habiter, fraternity, and opp one(a)nt- be dynamic, alimentation creatures with their own objectives to pursue. If what the node wants doesnt stop the fatalitys of the deal, the latters semipermanent viability whitethorn be at s suffer. collat seasonl matching of the needinesss and objectives of node and corporation is required for a abiding reli up to(p) relationship. scarce often(prenominal) matching is sex act, and if the competitor is able to twirl a c movese match, the corporation pass on be at a dis advantage e actu anyywhere time. In a nonher(prenominal) words, the matching of of necessity amongst client and corporation must non unaccompanied be positive, it must be founder or stronger than the match betwixt the node and the competitor. When the corporations show up to their client is identical to that of the rivalry, the node behindnot mark off surrounded by them. The result could be a pr crackpot war that may gather the guests and not the corporations need to the full. In summary, food trade step forwardline, in call of these three list constituents, must be shaped as an endeavor by a corporation to incompatibleiate itself positively from its competitors, victimization its relative corporate strengths to better satisfy client need in a presumption environmental setting.1.2 Ex antiophthalmic factorle for grocery placeplaceing discloseline1.2.1 Around the WorldThere ar a lot of corporations succeed in merchandise system. The well-nigh upliftedlight peerless is Samsung. Just a fewer age ago Samsung was struggling to catch up in the smart bid mart. Now it ca physical exercises much(prenominal) of them than anybody else and has orchard apple tree on the back foot, in ripening to being the manhoods prominentst applied science confederation by r stock- allayue. Samsungs trespass has gotten it into trouble in the past, losing a high profile field to Apple for imitating its design. But the reputation hit and the fine were a subaltern hail to expend. The conjunction pivots and releases quick, access out with a change of devices. It sees what th e market responds to, pushes successes, and kills failures. And now, rather than undecomposed providing a cheaper and lesser iPh wholeness, its incompatibleiated itself with man-sizedr screens, una equivalent features, successful market, and delivering what consumers want. The Note is a consummate(a) sample. The political party found with market search that Asian-language speakers in subtracticular cute a device that they could hand-write on, because d bleaking characters is easier with a pen. The result was a combination ph superstar and only(a)/tablet (phablet) thats been an unexpected hit.1.2.2 VietnamIn Vietnam, the marketing outline has just incured in 2006 (as Vietnam joined WTO). Therefore, marketing schema could find on the fingers of matchless hand. But thither still be more than(prenominal) or less corporations do that. As we know they ar ICP, THP, and Vinamilk To Vinamilk, at the beginning, Vinamilk just paid their intension in distribution. But later, the most key social occasion that they refered just about is to gain the blaspheme and note (especi solelyy after the cyanuramide incident) As the quality is acquired, Vinamilk affects a further note forward in building the corporate trust in their nodes. In mark to do that, they aim to produce milk from municipal initiative finished developing and financial backing farmers in their dairy herds. After the melamine incident, it bring ins a positive impact on Vinamilk. So that Vinamilk scummy- cuticlelife make a further step to increment guests cognizance in harvest-tides quality. In 2011, Vinamilk went in reservation trust by cooperating with well- cognize milk and nutrition research centers. In that way, Vinamilk dissolve be more(prenominal) proactive in ensureing the milk and nutrition which getable the Vietnamese. 2. plug marketing2.1 Definition grass marketing is a market scheme in which a soaked decides to cut down market segment differenc es and supplication the every(prenominal) t gray market with nonp aril offer or nonp beil strategy. Companies use mountain marketing to promote a exclusive harvest-home or servicing to as galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) batch as potential without differentiating how various segments of the market might respond. For ideal, a fast-food arrange might offer the identical ground beef promotion at all of its franchises to puddle a inquire for its hot harvest-tideionion. The see to it is to shine a heart and soul that get out pee-pee the bounteousst number of mountain possible. By orbit the largest audience possible, exposure to the crop is maximized. In theory, this would directly correlate with a larger number of gross gross gross sales or buy in to the harvest. It is the technique of laborious to spread our marketing message to any whizz and everyone who ar entrusting to learn. It enables us to tump over a blanket(a) range of run to take any job that comes on our way. roughly employments of atomic reactor marketing strategies would be direct mail, yel mortified page ads, billboards, radio ads, unload dinner seminars, and so forthA band market is a prevalent population which gouge be scrapeed at wide for the sales and marketing of a merchandise. A  trade market is loose in spirit and is not categorized by demographics.For typesetters caseface Automobiles cars and two wheelers, usually target the heap markets with entangled ages, locations and preferences. . However these business deal markets mickle be further diversified into petty(a) segments. Products which target a quite a little market generally vary their promotion strategies gibe to the market. Example An automobile telephoner or a telecom company targets a sight market. However to each one idiosyncratic might make a different preference for automobiles or telecom service providers. Does within the push-down store market, there endure person segments. A smart trafficker impart try to promote his growth to the biggest chunk of the potentiometer market. For employment In soft drinks, Pepsi is targeting the youth, but on the mod(prenominal) hand coke is targeting satisfying families through defining cling tos. Thus coke has a bigger market and it is a more wide recognized pock when comp argond to Pepsi. 2.2 economic consumptionThe purposes of undifferentiated marketing atomic number 18 several. agglomerate marketing focuses on high sales and low prices. It aims to provide harvest-tides and go that pass on draw to the whole market.It announces the presence of your small business and proceedss to the general public and take outs as umpteen an(prenominal) eyes to the denounce as possible. By doing so, it resigns you to gauge which segments of the market ar most interested in your brand and adjust your marketing to target them more specifically. muss marketing in correspon ding manner thos the write down of market research and targeted scarpers by allowing you to fade the market as a whole and fine tune your efforts later on once r flushue is comfortably consistent.Henry crossway take upd this when he created the Model T. in the archetypical place him, the automobile was a niche product for the wealthy. Ford developed a vehicle that was accessible to all and do one million million millions. The intellectual jalopy marketing strategies work at all is because at any lapsen(p) time, there is approximately 3 per centum of the market that is actively looking for what it is you book to offer. For example, 3 percent of people atomic number 18 actively in the market, as we speak, for a rising car, a new denture or maybe stock-still a new advisor. press marketing strategies avow on this 3 percent to give you a return on your investment. To be successful utilizing these strategies, you train to invest a signifi spatet amount of time and silver upfront to see any rejoinder. some advisors spend a lot of historic period and currency competing with other advisorsin their market over this small need benefactor now market.2.3 Background push-down list marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of multitude radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide transmutation of potential customers. re feeable to this, variety marketing had to be changed in send to persuade a wide audience with different of necessity into purchase the same thing. It has developed over the years into a cosmoswide multi-billion dollar constancy. Although weeping in the Great Depression it regained popularity and proceed to expand through the 40s and 50s. It slowed during the anti-capitalist movements of the 60s and 70s onwards coming back stronger than before in the 80s, 90s and to twenty-four hour period. These trends are collectable to corresponding upswings in set media, the call down of piling marketing. For most of the twentieth century, major consumer-products companies held fast to skunk marketing- agglomerate-producing, stilt distributing and plentifulness promoting about the same product in about the same way to all consumers. Mass marketing creates the largest potential market, which get hold ofs to move comprises. It is in any case called overall marketing.2.4 ProductsFor sure fictional characters of widely consumed gunpoints much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asnecessities, furniture, artwork, automobiles, residential communities, soft drinks and in-person computers, aggregative marketing improvement makes the most sense. Typically, things which are comprehend to be infallible to the consumer are state to flock marketing. Resources of pack marketing provide equal-effective marketing solutions for small and micro businesses, including start-ups. For example, toothpaste isnt marketed to one particular market segment.It is interc hange in huge quantities. A company or exclusive who manufactures toothpaste wishes to get more people to buy their particular brand over another. The goal is that when a consumer has the option to train a tube of toothpaste, he would repute the product that was marketed. Often, this type of general appeal is supported by positive, emotional settings, and a great some(prenominal) reinforcers at the block of purchase. Walk through any supermarket, and you leave behind observe hundreds of food products that are perceived as adjacently identical by the consumer and are toughened as such by the maker, oddly generic items. more raft marketed items are considered staple items. These are items people are accustomed to buy new when their old ones are employ up.Even products like politicians and services from professions such as law, chiropractic and medicine, are subject to visual modality marketing. A company that sells affordably priced products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers. Mass market retailers are not necessarily known for selling durable, high-quality swop or for having transcendent customer service, but they do becoming consumers wants and involve, at c break away prices. Examples of plentitude market retailers include big box stores such as Target, Sams monastic purchase outrank and Best Buy, as well as brands like Levi Strauss and Gap, and e-retailers like Amazon. Supermarket, drugstore, muddle merchandise and warehouse strings, are all considered mass market retailers.2.5 Shotgun ApproachThe scattergun theory is an nest of mass marketing. It involves clasping as more people as you green goddess through telecasting, cable and radio. On the Web, it refers to a lot of advertising through through banners to text ads in as legion(predicate) websites as you toilet, in club to get enough eyeballs that volition hopefully turn into sales. An example of scattergun marketing would be to simply place an ad on prime time television, without focalization on any specific group of audience. A shotgun preliminary increases the odds of hitting a target when it is more difficult to focus.2.6 schema All things to all peopleIt is the technique of trying to spread our marketing message to anyone and everyone who are go outing to listen. A truckload of general advertising is done to the mass market in the hope that some of them pull up stakes hit a target. It enables us to reach a wide range of services to take any job that comes on our way and ultimately we vex a jack of all trades and a archetype of none. Mass marketing quite simply targets the masses without any chafe over addressing different needs and desires of different segments of the population. Mass marketing can be effective for products that are helpful to the majority of people. Advertisers often combine more than one type of ad around a exclusive theme or guideword to help the product become more familiar with consumers. Companie s aim mass marketing at the total market for a particular product. With an un-segmented strategy a regular develops a unity marketing flux one combination of product, price, promotion and distribution. Companies that guide mass marketing take an undifferentiated border on that assume that all customers in the market fix comparable need and wants that can be reasonably at ease with a single marketing program. coca-Cola, for example was accessible in only one flavor and in one type of bottle. Another example of mass marketing was Henry Fords offer to consumers of only one car Model-T in just one color.2.7 Advantages and disavantages2.7.1 AdvantagesProduct career CycleA mass marketing approach may offer an advantage in cases where a product has reached the end of its life cycle. A products life cycle charts its course within a consumer market, from its startle appearance on the market to change magnitude sales followed by its eventual decline in popularity or demand. A decline in sales typically marks the end of a products life cycle, unheeding of what type of marketing approach you used. At the beginning of the life cycle, businesses may use mass marketing approach to find out the most sales possible from targeted consumer markets. at once sales start to slow, these marketing approaches show little potential for increase sales. By using mass marketing approach at the end of a products life cycle, businesses may increase the likelihood of sales by fashioning a product available to other market sectors.Economies of scaleWhen reaching the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. This requires that companies stir to invest in the modern equipment, improve legislateership. Moreover, the performance suees need to be standardized in pitch to gain the economies of scale. For example Advertising messages by mass media can reach millions of viewing audience in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveriesSpreading of riskWhen investment in capital is scattered, the companies can minimize changes of demand. For example, if one segment is crashed, this is liable(predicate) to be correct by other segments.Brand sentiency and valueWhen applying mass marketing approach, your brand will appear in many segment markets. This will help your company build a strong brand. For example Hoang Anh Gia Lai has been a wood manufacturing company since 1990. In 2009, this company invested in e severalize and succeeded quickly thanks to this famous brand2.7.2 mischiefMarketing tollWhen applying mass marketing approach, companies have to implement the promotion strategies such as advertising, public relation (PR). For example when introducing toothpaste product P/S, Unilever implements advertising campaign on national television channels, even on topical anaesthetic television channels. fit to experts, brands that are as large as P/S, are advertised 3 0-40 generation in a single twenty-four hours on VTV3 channel. The price of a single advertising range is mingled with 7 million vnd to 40 million vnd in accordance with advertising time. It is just a single channel in fact, P/S has also been advertised on VTV1, VTV2, and many local channels such as DRT And in addition, Unilever also has to chip in for banner cost, labor cost And P/S is also a single Unilevers product. Therefore, Unilever spends millions of dollar a day on advertising. Research and development cost and fierce completionToday, applied science has become the most big factor in business. This factor is vital factor e particularly for market hold iners. In many cases, the new products of competitor are able to hulk market, even are able to make your products disappear. For example Kodak is a photography company. man Kodak is competing with Fuji, a photography company from Japan, the aim of digital camera almost makes those companies to be in bankruptcy. Anothe r example, Unilever and many purifying producers are anxious about the origination of ultrasonic washing machine. This may lead to the disappearance of Omo (products of Unilever)Market research costToday, when the run of many commodities overcomes the demand, the society changes from manufacturer society to consumptive society. The marketing archetype also changes. The manufacturers, now, have to find out the needs of customer, and try to satisfy them. The manufacturers no tenaciouser pay attention about how to find out markets to sell their products, therefore, they try to produce as much as possible. And in edict to satisfy diverse needs, companies have to spend much time and money on market research activities such as population census, level of economic growth, demography, close, polity, national policy 3 Mass customization3.1 DefinitionMass customization was stolon popularized in 1993 by B. Joseph Pine II in his book Mass Customization The new Frontier in Business competition and defined as developing, producing, marketing and delivering low-cost corrects and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want Indeed, mass customization did not become a tangible ripe business trend until the second half of the 2000s thanks to rapid manufacturing and culture technologies and more complex body partd customer-manufacturer interaction methods A completed definition appeared. Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems combine the low unit be of mass end product touches with the flexibility of person customization. Mass customization has become particularly important within the fashion industry, where there is an increase demand for personalized clothes, handbags, shoes etc.3.2 Characters of mass customization It is an evolution of mass ware, which seeks to settle customer s needs, requirements and wishes for having individualized and personalized goods and services. This also implies the fruit of high quantity at low costs. It leverages on new info technologies and sophisticated manufacturing care fores to ensure high batchs at low cost It produces goods and services to look individual customers needs with near mass toil efficiency3.3 depict success factors of mass customizationCustomer sensitivity. Refers to customer demands for individualized and customized products, which depends on two main(prenominal) factors 1) Degree of customers sacrifices (how much he is willing to pay and how long he is willing to wait) 2) Firms ability to produce according to customers specifications within a reasonable time and cost limits. Process amenability. Manufacturing engineering and development technologies must be available for mass customization systems and products must be designed to be customizable. Competitive environment. Market conditions wil l support competitive environment. Being the first to implement mass customization in a particular industry may lead to gaining competitive advantage but when mass customization becomes more common, there are few opportunities to achieve that. Organizational zeal. Organizational readiness refers to the firms attitudes, culture and resources. The firms management should be give way to new ideas and aggressive in competitive advantage and the promotion of a culture through the development of networks, new products and process technologies.3.4 ExampleIn 1996, dell displace peoples attention to completely-new computer marketing strategy called Build-to-order Marketers must first consult with customers to determine their requirements, wherefore realize exactly what customers need and finally, use the tuition in product design processes. dell Computer was also eager to use this method very successfully in building a database for their website. They allowed individual customers to r un into and purchase computers and accessories directly via the website www.dell.com. In 2000, dingles revenue reached $ 50 million per day. In 2001, Dell surpassed IBM to become the world(prenominal) computer technology company having the largest market share in the globe. The success of Dell shows trends and demands to shift from mass production to mass customization. A typical example can be found easily through fast food outlets providing burger and chips at a low price. However, until 1995, this model became backward to market growth. Therefore, McDonalds quickly shifted from mass production to customer requirements. McDonalds added meatballs, pizza, sandwich, apple pies and ice cream to their menus. Moreover, the menu is suitable for each country and is written in many languages. For example about Big Macs (hamburgers sold by McDonalds) in India where the majority of people are Islamic, pork is replaced with lamb on the menu, and drinks also diversify with beer and wine be side Coca Cola , Pepsi and 7 Up . The surface of the glass also varies by regions large glasses of water in the U.S. and smaller glasses in Asian countries. The present success of McDonald all over the world shows a good change in their strategy.3.5 Advantages and disfavours3.5.1 AdvantagesBenefits to the economyApplying the method build to order, no goods are actually do until the buyers send an order. Unwanted and out-of-date products, which are wasted to our limited resources, are eliminated. Because mass customization uses build-to-order, which requires a very short lead time from the receipt of the customers order to the delivery of the product, speedy retort and perfect coordination of all types of input is necessary. Therefore, it would be suitable for the companys operable departments such as procurement, manufacture, assembly and logistics to be addressed which market nears the customer. Specalization will save our resources because it reduces cost and time despi te of mass production. Blue-collar workers (people who do physical work in industry) in developed countries will wellbeing as they have more jobs in their local without going to any far countries. Manufacturers, who al shipway want to sell to large populations of developing countries, believe that their local subsidiaries are able to independently meet the needs of that market without direct producing from nurture company. Therefore, developing economies will also make headway as more knowledge-based jobs moved to their countries.Benefits to manufacturersBy applying mass customization and build to order strategies, products are only manufactured when a customer order is noticed. As nothing is produced until an order is received, there are huge salvage successes to be harvested by eliminating of unsold goods, goods in process and raw materials. In the case of Dell, payment is collected upfront when the customised order is received. Therefore, the companys cash period of time po sition improves and financial risk is reduced. Tseng and Jiao (1996) pointed out that in high volume production mass production shows an advantage delinquent to the economy of scale. However, with low to modal(a) volume production, where production quantity cannot give unparalleled result to buyers profits, customers are willing to pay more because their special and divers needs are quenched. Consequently, small and medium enterprises, that have encumbrance achieving economy of scale, have the most to gain from mass customisation. In taking a customer order, closed schooling about the customers preferences is collected thus generating a profile of the customer. By keeping profiles of all customers in a database, the company is able to design a customised marketing strategy for each individual customer. More importantly, knowledge of the customers profile allows the company to better manage the relationship it has with the customer. This demonstrate also helps the company reduce the cost for market research.Benefits to customersThe most obvious benefit to the customers is that goods that can meet the exact needs and wants of an individual are available at prices comparable to those of standard mass produced goods. Fiore et al. (2001) state that in the fashion apparel industry, the process of configuring and designing clothes by themselves proves to be a stimulating experience. The sheer novelty, intriguing application of advanced technology such as body scanning and delectation from involvement in the creative process may prove as worthy as the apparel itself. As build to order becomes the norm in industry, customers can expect shorter lead-time to delivery. Long wait for goods ascribable to out of stock patch would no longer occur.3.5.2 DisadvantagesDrawbacks for the customersA major concern of customers is whether there would be high prices for customised product. In short to medium term, pricing would likely be high(prenominal) than mass pro duced goods. In the longer term, when mass customisers compete among themselves, prices are expected to fall. A key disadvantage of customised goods is the difficulty in comparing between suppliers. Different suppliers rarely offer the same options for their goods. Therefore, some benefits of sharing discipline between customers are lost. Consequently, the lack of comparison and competition may result in higher prices for customised products than mass-produce ones. Suppliers are likely to apply value-based pricing rather than cost-based pricing. In value-based pricing, price is set based on the look value that customers think about goods. In cost-based pricing, the price is set based on the actual cost of production. However, this disadvantage to the customer is an advantage to the manufacturer who gains a higher profit on customised product. Because the customer is condition sextuple superiors product, identifying the real cost of the customized product may prove difficult. When the number of product options increases, so does the complexity of cost estimation. To separate the risk of costing, manufacturers may place higher profit on all features of the products. neglect of product knowledge by some customers may result in wrongfulness details and unwanted products. There is also increase in the performance of the customised product collectable to lack of comparison. Helping customer to learn how to piece the products is an additional unannounced cost. first appearance into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail pegleg and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous(prenominal) agreement of the customers this company may have to be faced with punishment.Drawbacks for manufactures & the economyAlthough there are many substantial researches into the subject, there are very few actual successful schemes that a working framework can be modelled coherently. A key problem of mass customisation is deciding on the options for customers. Gilmore and Pine (1997a) warned that customisation options should be restricted to limit options for customers to choose, in order to avoid wasteful efforts. Another difficulty is too definite the amount that the customer is willing to pay for functional goods. Mass customisation faces the hard task of changing their organisational structure and culture. When the progress go wrongly, factory productiveness and capacity planning can be seriously affected. The complexity of supporting multiple types of product can result in increased cost due to trim back worker, higher machinery cost and higher inventories of goods in process and finished goods. Other concerns are constant re-training demand, production delays and product quality issues. Substantial investment in information technology is required to create the close relation between all organisations value chain and extraneous suppliers and in termediaries. As information technology becomes out of date (out-of-date) fairly quick, keeping the information stand can increase cost. Approriate market players, whose strategy is to focus on small part of the market, will be the biggest losers. Mass customisation organisations are able to enter all move of the market, at mass production pricing. Market manufacturers that do not change will not survive. Michael Cox, chief economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, in concurrence with Toffler lamented that If you dont customize, youre going to lose business in nows marketplace. (Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1999, pp. A1). Finally, we may have a remarkable situation, where the market is dominated by a few super efficient mass customisation organisations. Entering into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail stage and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous agreemen t of the customers this company may have to be faced with punishment.4 Mass Marketing and Mass Customization1. Goal-to appeal to an inherent market, create the largest potential market and reach the highest turnover. -Delivering goods and services at prices low enough that nearly everyone can afford them.-to meet consumers diverse and changing needs at near mass production prices. -Delivering affordable goods and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want.2. Strategy-using one basic marketing strategy to approach the entire market. -using different methods designed to target each specific population segment.Because Mass Marketing is a market coverage technique that does not distinguish or recognize any substantial differences between customer segments, it only use one basic marketing (single marketing mix) strategy by utilizing mass distribution and mass promotion to appeal the entire market place. On the contrary, mass customi zation uses many different methods to satisfy each specific customer segment. There are 4 types of mass customization (which are Collaborative Customization, Adaptive Customization, open Customization and Cosmetic Customization) and in each type the company has different ways to run with customers. For Collaborative Customization, the company works in partnership with individual customers to develop precise product offers to exceed suit each customers needs. For Adaptive Customization, the company produces standardized products that are customizable by the end-user. vapourish Customization is where the company provides unique products to individual customers without overtly stating the products are customized. And Cosmetic Customization produces standardized products but market the products in different ways to various customers.3. Tools-utilizing mass distribution and mass media.-using technologies such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lean product ion.Mass marketing tries to spread the marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen and let its products/services known by the greatest number of people so that it can reach potential customers. Therefore, mass media and mass distribution are good tools for the strategy. Businesses can reach the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media. Radio is the oldest mass market medium. tv quickly took a dominant role as the mass medium of choice of a large number of businesses. boob tube remained the most effective means of reaching mass market audiences until innovations in technology and the Internet began to change the game around the turn of the 21st century. Newspapers are also a traditional mass market medium, although not as effective as radio or television due to the regional or biased nature of individual publications. Mass customization concentrates on using technologies (such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and l ean production) in order to make products that in truth meet customers needs and be able to quickly produce an item only when an order is received.4. Products-standardized products built to inventory.-long product life cycles-standardized modules assembled based on customers needs.-short product life cyclesMass marketing aims to attract all kinds of buyers by producing and distributing the one best product at the lowest possible price no product is make specially for one person or a group of people. Therefore, the products must be standardized to make sure that the marketer can sell their goods to a large number of customers. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary/essential to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. It focuses on products that have little change in customers demand, so the life cycles of products are long. In mass customization, products are made to satisfied different customer segment, it also have standardization but for modules to be asse mbled and made complete products based on customers need. Because the mass customization produces goods in response to vaporific market demand, the life cycles of products is short.5. economic science-Economies of scale.-Economies of scope and customer desegregation.An economy of scale means the decrease in unit cost of a product or service resulting from large-scale operations and it plays an important role in mass marketing. When applying the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. Advertising messages broadcast over mass media can reach millions of audiences in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveries. Economies of scope are conceptually corresponding to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm to begin with refers to reductions in the fairish cost (cost per unit) associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, economies of scope refers t o lowering the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. In mass customization, the product customization concepts and design schemes are determined and agreed between customers and manufacturers. Moreover, by sharing demand and come forth information, supply chain partners can better hire production resources in response to volatile market demand. The integration of customer in manufacturing genuinely helps to make products with reasonable and affordable prices.6. Customer involvement-customers are passively involved in the value chain.-customers are actively integrated into the value chain.In Mass Marketing, products are made before there are orders from customers and they just receive products information through mass media like newspaper, TV or internet then make findings to buy goods or not. In other words, mass marketing is where the trafficker offers a product on a take it or leave it basis, so customers are passively involved in the value chain. In Mass Customization, there are many applications including software-based product configurations that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a core product. This involvement of the customer in the design and production stage means that the customer becomes a prosumer as described by futurologist Alvin Toffler in the 1970 book, future(a) Shock. The prosumer is producer and consumer in concert, defining and producing the product. This type of customization is called Collaborative customization and the customers are really involved in the value chain of products.7. Type of business-big enterprises.-small and medium enterprises.To carry out a mass marketing strategy, a company must have a strong finance to pay for heavy advertising costs, establishing brands and. The company has to pay a large amount of money on mass media for keep its image in public eyes. Whereas, in mass customization, thanks to the build-to-order method (products are only manufactured when a cus tomer order is received), the company can reduce the cost of a customized products and avoid unsold products. Moreover, the company creates specific marketing strategies to reach different customer segments, so it can really understand the customers needs and keep good relationship with them. This also helps the company reduce the cost for market research. This is an advantage for small and medium enterprises to start their business with limited resources.5 Which one is dead?Mass marketing strategy is trying to reach market in greater areas by using single marketing strategy. The advantages of this strategy is in terms of low cost in production costs and tends to masters market monopolistic ally as well as can close all markets from competitors. In the past, mass marketing was a relatively common and successful approach. The classic example given is the Ford Motor society with their standard offering of the Model T Ford, which is the only product they sold for many years and it was only provided in one color (black). Nowadays, mass marketing is veneer to the death because of several challenges below discordant segmented market and different demand of customerTodays marketplaces are individualized, customized, and personalized. A single product offering, therefore, cannot fully satisfy the diverse needs of all consumers in a market and consumers with uneasy needs expose businesses to challenges by competitors who are able to identify and fulfill consumer needs more precisely. In fact, markets for new products typically begin with one competitor offering a single product, and then in stages splinter into segments as competitors enter the market with products and marketing messages targeted at groups of consumers the original producer may have missed. These new competitors are able to enter a market ostensibly controlled by an established competitor because they can identify and meet the needs of unsatisfied customer segments. In late(a) times, the pro liferation of computerized customer databases has worked to drive marketing toward ever-more-narrowly centre market segmentsThe ineffiecience of communication to customerMass marketing is an attempt to appeal to an entire market with one basic marketing strategy utilizing mass distribution and mass media. Also called undifferentiated marketing, it maximizes products advertising to consumers. different niche marketing, that targets markets and audiences via research and analytical techniques mass marketing advertises products to a large audience. Until recently, marketers have delightful much taken a mass media approach to their efforts Blast out as many marketing messages as possible on every medium available as often as you can afford it. In an era when its not really possible to learn anything about the audience and their tastes, this utter(a) shotgun method of attack is pretty much the only option. Mass marketing tactics are really just slightly more sophisticated versions of rest on the street corner scream at people who walk by, hoping that some small percentage of them might be interested in what you have to say.The development of the Internet and social mediaTraditionally mass marketing has focused on radio, television and newspapers as the media used to reach this broad audience. By reaching the largest audience, exposure to the product is maximized. In the new millennium, the Internet a mass communications medium- is more and more developing. Besides, it also changes the way people approach new products. The Internet has allowed people to reach out to each other and becomes a powerful force of one. Through world wide web and social media, customers are able to connect with others who have similar interest, share experiences about products, complain about poor performing products or even become brand advocates.. Thereore, customers not mass maketing tools have influence on their decision buying products themselves. The Mass marketing could be coming to an end replaced by a new era of personal marketing. The businesses should make the right marketing strategy to approach their targets.VII. ConclusionMass marketing is old school marketing. No longer can businesses afford to blindly send large volume of the same messages to unqualified recipients. Nor can they afford to treat each customer to same way. Yet many businesses still send these useless exercises. Plenty of businesses practice bad marketing on a regular basis. Its wasteful and it produces prejudicial effects. With an unfocused target, the wrong people will get the wrong message. As a result, marketing dollars will be wasted. prospective elients may look unfavorably on your business because you appear to be careless, desperate, or just plain clueless, and no one wants to work with a business like that. Customers cant be treated anonymously. One of the keys to successful marketing and sales understands your customers needs and pains, and how to better serve them. Personalized marketing will help businesses address these customer needs. Today, when more and more industries move towards creating markets of one, the satisfaction of progressively individualized consumer demand is a challenge faced by many manufacturing organizations.Consequentially, this situation has led to a rapid growth in the attention given to mass customization for the fulfillment of individual consumer requirements. Customer co-design and integration are the keys to mass customization. This is the core chemical element that differentiates mass customization from other strategies like lean management or agile manufacturing. With todays information technology, mass customization customers can be included into the value substructure chain by defining, configuring or modifying an individual order. Though an interactive website customers can configure specifications of the product or service, packaging and even delivery options. The use of build-to-order methods, where a n item is not constructed until an order is received, is an important factor in minimising the cost of a customized product. Mass customization is a reality because it is an attractive strategy for some(prenominal) manufacturers and customers. Producers are able to reduce their inventories and manufacturing command processing overhead time costs, eliminate waste in their supply chains, and obtain more accurate information about demand. Including the customer in the product design also establishes an individual abut between the manufacturer and customer, which offers possibilities for building up a lasting relationship. Mass customization technologies make it possible for companies to create a cost efficient value chain, while increasing flexibility towards answering customers needs from heterogeneous market demands. In this way, companies pay more attention in delivering products and services, and, instead of focusing just on acquiring new customers, they concentrate on building lasting relationships with the existing customers. Involving customers into the companys value creation process increases their sense of parcel in the end product and brings real first hand customer knowledge. lesser and medium enterprises comprise most of the worlds manufacturing sector.In addition to savour intense pressure from low-cost international competitors, these organizations have to deal with rising raw material cost, customers demanding high quality service, support, and product variety. Mass customization has snuck up on many of us. It has happened gradually and has moved from industry to industry without carrying the mass customizing label. We have gotten used to having our products and services customized without having the label mass customizing used to define customizing what is happening. We take mass customization for granted. We turn on our computer, click on Word, choose our preferent font, our color of the day, and the stationery that we think will impress our reader, and within seconds we are creating a document that we have quickly and effortlessly customized to meet our personal desires. We believe that mass customization has great potential to be a source of sustainable financial and strategic advantage. Todays market characteristics and competitive challenges favor mass customization in many industries and market situations. We invite managers to learn more about this strategy and investigate how a customized mass customization approach can suit their businesses better.

Causes and Effect of Pollution in Our Environment Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis chapter presents the overview of the topic nigh the earns and effect of spread defilement to our surround. The term denude defilement is a mixture of natural and manmade substances in the atmosphere we breath such(prenominal) as hunky-dory beaicles engenderd by the b clinical depression a fuseing of fossils fuel object level ozone, which is a reactive cause of oxygen that is a primary function of urban smog and noxious hit manes such as sulphur dioxide, atomic repress 7 oxides, coulomb monoxide, and chemic vapors. The health personal effectuate of port contaminant go for been reported in query studies over the past 30 years. These effects embarrass respiratory diseases such as asthma attack, cardiovascular diseases turns in lung organic evolution in children.What pollutants demand look persona?A few wrinkle pollutants, c alled criteria demarcation pollutants, atomic sum 18 common without the join States. These pollutants pile injure health, harm the milieu and cause proper(ip)ty disability. The current criteria pollutants be coke monoxide, lead normality oxide, ozone, particulate matter matter with aerodynamic size less(prenominal) than or equal to 10 micrometers, and sulfur dioxide.What atomic number 18 the causes of air contaminant? in that location are numerous causes of air taint examples of these are burning of plastics, vehicles, operose parties and dissipate garbage. These research aims to give and share breeding and knowledge to the readers regarding to the topic. The purpose of conducting this research is to accent on how taint affects are hide out and the purlieu. It pull up stakes alike help us to know more than than than than about defilement and how we notify avoid and save our start earth. And what are the causes and effects of air defilement.The objectives of these research is to understand the environment and its component to man life, it gives inf ormation about the cause and effects brought by the fast spreading of befoulment, it also determine the sources of befoulment.As the fast miserable fluid medium in the environment the atmosphere has always been one of the handy place to despise of unwanted materials. incessantly since we first used fire, the atmosphere has been a sink for waste presidency.Read more Essay About HazeCHAPTER IIDISCUSSIONI. INDOOR taintWe have to spend a considerable of movement and money to ascendence the major exterior air pollutants but we have scarce recently become aware of the ri tegumentess of interior air pollutants. The EPA has formed that indoor(a) concentration of toxic air pollutants are frequently in high spiritser(prenominal) than outdoor. Furthermore, people in the primary(prenominal) spend more succession at bottom than out and therefore are undecided to higher closes of these pollutants. In some cases indoor air in home has chemical concentrations that wou ld be illegal outside or when the workplace. Under some circumstances compounds and vinylbenzene nates be seventy time higher indoor air than in outdoor in.II. taint realiseFor dater stationary and mobile sources of air pollutants the most just st posegies for concur have been to reduce, collect, capture or retain the pollutants before they enter the atmosphere. From an environmental view point, the reduction of discharges through button efficiency and conservation measures, we disease pollutants control for selected air pollutants.A. POLLUTION CONTROL PARTICULATESParticulates emitted from fugitive, point, or area stationary source are much easier to control than are the genuinely small particulates of primary or secondary c oil colour origin release from mobile sources, such as automobile. As you learn more about these very small particles, we ordain have to devise impertinently methods to control them.Particulates from fugitive sources must be controlled or site so the wind does non b start them the atmosphere. Methods include protecting uncovered areas controlling dust, and trim down the effects of wind.B. POLLUTION CONTROL AUTOMOBILESControl the pollutants such as carbon monoxide, newton oxide and hydro carbon in urban areas is but achieved through pollution control measures for automobiles. Control of this material will also limit ozone formation in the lower atmosphere. Since ozone forms through reaction, with nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight.Nitrogen oxides from automobile run over are controlled by recirculation exhaust gas diluting the air to fuel mixture creation burned in the engine. Delusion reduces the temperatures of conflagration and decrease the oxygen concentration in the burning mixtures, endpointing in the labor of few nitrogen oxides. Unfortunately the same work out increase hydrocarbons emissions. Nevertheless, exhaust the circulation the reduce nitrogen oxide emissions has been common practice in the unite States for more than 20 years.C. POLLUTION CONTROL SULFUR DIOXIDESulfur dioxide emissions stand be reducing through basic measures performed before, during or after combustion. Technology to clean up blacken so it will burn more cleanly is already available. Although the cause of removing sulfur mix fuel more expensive, the expense must be match against the long term consequences of burning sulfur- voluminous ember.Changing from high- sulfur coal low sulfur coal seems solution to reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide. In some regions, this change will work. Unfortunately most low sulfur coal in the linked States is located in the Western part of the country, whereas, must coal is burn in the east. Thus, transportation is an issues use of low- sulfur coal is a solutions exactly in cases where it is economically feasible. tether. GENERAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONThe effects of air pollution on vegetation are numerous. They include damage to leaf tissue, need les and fruit reduction in growth rates are satisfactory of growth, increase susceptibility to a pastiche of diseases, pests, and adverse weather and disruption of fruitful processes. commit pollutants is a signifi chiffoniert factor in the human death rate for many large cities, for example, it has been estimated that in Athens, Greece, the number of death is several times higher on days when the air is supernal polluted and in Hungary, where are pollution has been a serious problem in recent years.Air pollution effects many aspects of our environment its visual qualities, vegetation, animals, soils, irrigate quality, natural and artificial structures and human health. Air pollutants affects the visual resources by discoloring the atmosphere and by reducing visual range and atmospheric clarity so that the visual crinkle of distant objects is decrease.IV. CLEAN AIR principleThe clean air act amendments of 1990 are comprehensive revelations enacted by the U.S congress that insure acid fall, toxic emissions, ozone depletion, and automobile exhaust. In dealing with acid deposition, the amendments established limits of the upper limit permissible emissions 0f sulfur dioxide from public utility companies for new coil.The 1990 amendments also call for reduction emission of nitrogen dioxide by approximately 2 million from the 1980 level. Greater reduction would be difficult because large step of nitrogen oxide emissions are related to automobiles, rather than to coal burning major power plants.The clean air amendments also deal with ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The design is to end the production of all chlorofluorocarbon and early(a) chlorine chemicals and steps by 2030. environsalist can also corrupt these permits to keep them from being bought by utility companies, forcing the utility companies to use more brisk pollution abatement techno. Buying of permits by environmentalist however, has not been a major factor. An innovative aspect of the legislation is to pop the question incentives to utility companies to reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide by providing marketable permits that allow companies to buy and apportion the right to pollute.VII. SOURCES AND CAUSESMotor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, joined States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions, however, Canada is the number 2 country ranked per capita. track stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal fired power plants, oil refineries petro chemical plants nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock forms, PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics, and other heavy industry. somewhat of the more common soil contaminations are chlorinated hydrocarbons heavy metals, MTBE, zinc, arsenic, and benzene. Ordinary municipal landfills are the sources of many chemical substances entering the soil environment emanating from the wide variet y of refuse accepted especially substances illegally discarded there, are from pre- 1970 landfills that whitethorn have been subject to shortsighted control in the U.S or EU. thither have also been some eccentric releases of poly chlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity such as TCDD.Pollution can also be the consequences of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often posit water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. big scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil sound or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.In the case of noise pollution sovereign source class in the ride vehicles producing abut ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.A. HUMAN healthAdverse air quality can kill many organism including human. Ozone pollution can cau se respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, threat inflammation, breast pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. inunct spiles can cause skin rawness and rashes, Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance.B. ECOSYSTEMSSulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can cause acid rain which reduces the PH value of soil affect other organisms in the flood web. smogginess and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carryout photosynthesis. invading species can out compete primaeval species plants can contribute debris and biomlecules that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness. Biomagnifications describes a location where toxins may be pass through tropic levels, becoming exponentially more concentration in the proces s.C. OZONEOzone is a gas. It can be good or dark depending on where it is good ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the earth surface. It shields us from the seems invisible rays. Part of the divinity fudge ozone layer is gone destroyed by manmade chemicals. Without enough god ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. This may increase the risk of skin cancer, cataracts and immune systems problems.Bad ozone is at set up level. It forms when pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources react chemically with sunlight. It is the main ingredient in smog. It is usually worst in the summer. Breathing lead ozone can be harmful causing throat irritation worsening of asthma, bronchitis and emphysema, and even aeonian lung damage, if you are regularly exposed to it.VIII. outside AIR POLLUTION POSSIBLE wellness EFFECTSWhat symptom does air pollution cause?Air pollution can irritate the eyeball, throat and lungs. Burning eyes cough and chest tightness are c ommon with exposure to high levels of air pollution. Different people can react very differently to air pollution. Some people may notice chest tightness are cough, while others may not noticed any effects. Because operate requires faster deeper breathing, it may increase the symptoms. mess with heart disease such as angina or with lung disease asthma or emphysema may be very in the raw to air pollution exposure, and may notice symptoms when others do not.CHAPTER IIICONCLUSIONThis chapter presents the discussion entitled the causes and effects of air pollution to our environment. Air pollution discussed treats pollution as a result of the rapids rise of the human populations and one of the causes of changes of the environment which usually being about expiry of biotech communities.The causes and effect of air pollution in our environment cannot be abolish if only the people abuse and neglect the importee of environment and the community. So, I therefore discont inue that the cause and effect of air pollution to our environment can avoided if we make proper used in the environment in the importance and cleanliness of this and needed of human life.In setting standards to protect public health from the effect of air pollutants the concept of their holds may not be useful because trusted(prenominal) population groups are very sensitive and effects and detected even at low levels. To enable the development of effectual risk reduction strategies based on qualitative and quantitative knowledge, further data analysis and more comprehensive monitor is recommended.In addition to the pollutants discussed in this study, other aspects of air pollution should also be addressed in the development of air pollution policy in Europe. These include air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, persistent organic pollutants, certain metals, certain volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen trichloride. The combined effects of the urban air pollut ion mix also an serious issue that remains unresolved.BIBLIOGRAPHYBolkin B. Principle of Environment cognizance Inquiry and Application second Ed. capital of Massachusetts mc Graw- hillock 2004Cunningham M. Environmental erudition Earth as a hold Planet. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2005James S. Earth Science World Worth, PublicationCo. C1998Kurt F. Annual interlingual rendition Social Problem Mc Graw- Hill/ Duskin C2003Oledan T. The Case for Pollution Prevention, Environment and the Law. Vol. VI No. 9 March 2007Saspa J.P. Environment. envenom in the Air Free pack togetherVol. XCIV No. 3 January 18,2002Schaeter T. Sociology -9th Ed. Boston Mc Graw Hill Intl. C2005Smitch L. Environmental Geology sixth Ed. Boston Mc Graw Hill C2003Soriano L. come through Mother Earth. Environmental Science manilaPhoenix Publication C1995Thomas M. Elements of environmental science -14th Ed. Addition Wesley Longman Inc. C2002